Antiplatelet Therapy in Cardiovascular Disease -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Section I Platelet Biology and Pathophysiology -- 1 Platelet Pathophysiology and its Role in Thrombosis -- Role of platelets during initiation of atherosclerosis and plaque formation -- Role of platelets in thrombosis -- References -- 2 Platelet Receptors and Drug Targets: COX-1 -- Structure, expression, and catalytic activity of platelet COX-1 -- Functional role of platelet COX -1 -- Genetic polymorphisms of COX-1 and COX-2 expression in platelets -- Platelet COX-1 as a target for antithrombotic therapy -- Interaction between aspirin and naNSAIDs at the level of platelet COX-1 -- In vitro and in vivo evidence for aspirin/naNSAID interaction -- Concluding remarks -- References -- 3 Platelet Receptors and Drug Targets: P2Y12 -- P2 receptors -- Roles of adenine nucleotides in platelet function -- P2Y12 -- Conclusions -- References -- 4 Platelet Receptors and Drug Targets: GP IIb/IIIa -- Introduction -- Biology of the receptor -- Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor in platelet physiology -- Platelet aggregation phase -- "Inside-out" and "outside-in" GPIIb/IIIa signaling phenomenon -- Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor and thrombus formation -- Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists -- Intravenous versus oral preparations: clinical aspects -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 5 Platelet Receptors and Drug Targets: PAR1, Collagen, vWF, Thromboxane, and Other Novel Targets -- Introduction -- Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) -- References -- 6 Role of Inflammation and Hypercoagulability in Thrombosis -- References -- Section II Platelet Function Tests -- 7 Light Transmission Aggregometry -- Technique -- References -- 8 Vasodilator-Stimulated Phosphoprotein (VASP) Assay -- Introduction -- The VASP index assay.

VASP index and clinical events -- Alteration of antiplatelet therapy based on the VASP index -- VASP index and new oral antiplatelet agents -- Conclusions -- References -- 9 VerifyNow P2Y12 and Plateletworks Assays -- Introduction -- Verifynow P2Y12 -- Plateletworks -- Validity of the test in measuring antiplatelet effect and its association with clinical outcomes -- Conclusion -- References -- 10 Multiplate Analyzer -- Historical background -- Principles of the Multiplate® analyzer -- Advantages -- Disadvantages -- Clinical studies in cardiovascular medicine -- Studies in cardiovascular surgery -- Consensus definitions and cutoff values concerning platelet reactivity -- Summary -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 11 Shear Stress-Based Platelet Function Tests -- PFA-100 -- IMPACT-R -- References -- 12 Thrombelastography and Other Novel Techniques -- Novel techniques -- T2 magnetic resonance (T2MR) -- Shear-induced platelet aggregation assays -- References -- Section III Antiplatelet pharmacology -- 13 Aspirin -- Mode of antiplatelet action -- Time dependency of inhibition of platelet function by aspirin -- Dose-dependent inhibition of platelet function by aspirin -- Negative interactions with other drugs -- Positive interactions with other drugs -- Side effects of aspirin in antiplatelet doses -- References -- 14 Cilostazol -- Introduction -- Mode of action of cilostazol -- Vascular smooth muscle cells -- Endothelial cells -- Platelets -- Heart -- Brain cells -- Lipid profiles -- Pharmacokinetics -- Conclusion -- References -- 15 Abciximab -- Abciximab in PCI: The EPIC, EPILOG, and EPISTENT trials -- Abciximab in acute coronary syndromes: CAPTURE, RAPPORT, ADMIRAL, CADILLAC, and INFUSE-AMI trials -- Head-to-head GPIIb/IIIa trial, noninferiority trials using abciximab versus bivalirudin, and the ISAR-REACT trials -- Conclusions -- References.

16 Tirofiban -- Introduction -- Tirofiban -- Dosing of tirofiban -- Tirofiban in STEMI -- Early administration of tirofiban: High-dose bolus regimen -- Meta-analysis -- References -- 17 Eptifibatide -- Background -- Dosing and efficacy -- Eptifibatide use during non-ST-segment myocardial infarction -- Timing of eptifibatide administration -- Eptifibatide use during ST-segment myocardial infarction -- Conclusions -- References -- 18 Ticlopidine -- Pharmacological properties -- Pharmacodynamic profile -- Genetic considerations -- Clinical efficacy in patients undergoing PCI -- Safety and side effects -- Conclusions -- References -- 19 Clopidogrel -- Pharmacodynamic properties -- Pharmacokinetic properties -- Therapeutic use -- References -- 20 Prasugrel -- Introduction -- Mechanism of action -- Prasugrel pharmacodynamics -- Clinical studies -- Summary -- References -- 21 Elinogrel -- Introduction -- Shortcomings of current therapy -- Pharmacological principles of elinogrel -- Phase I clinical studies -- Phase II clinical studies -- Conclusion -- References -- 22 Cangrelor -- Pharmacological properties -- Preclinical studies and early phase clinical investigations -- Drug interactions -- Cangrelor in patients undergoing PCI: phase III studies -- Cangrelor in patients undergoing surgery -- Conclusion -- References -- 23 Ticagrelor -- Introduction -- Mechanisms of action -- Pharmacodynamics -- Clinical studies -- Summary -- References -- 24 Thrombin Receptor Antagonists -- Introduction -- Protease-activated receptors (PARs) and thrombin-induced platelet activation -- Thrombin receptor antagonists: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics -- Vorapaxar -- Clinical trials of vorapaxar -- Atopaxar -- Future prospective of PAR-1 antagonists -- References -- Section IV Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Antiplatelet Therapy.

25 Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Prior to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention -- Acetylsalicylic acid -- P2Y12 receptor inhibitors -- References -- 26 Duration of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy after Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation -- Introduction -- Prolonged DAPT duration greater than 12 months -- Shortened DAPT duration less than 12 months -- Stent-specific considerations -- Patient-specific considerations -- DAPT interruption -- Summary -- References -- 27 Antiplatelet Therapy for Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes -- Acetylsalicylic acid -- Clopidogrel -- Prasugrel -- Ticagrelor -- Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors -- Conclusion -- References -- 28 Antiplatelet Therapy in Stable Coronary Artery Disease -- Introduction -- Aspirin -- Clopidogrel -- GPS IIB/IIIA -- Conclusions -- References -- 29 Antiplatelet Therapy for Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease -- Introduction -- Antiplatelet therapy -- Percutaneous therapy -- Treatment after peripheral artery bypass graft surgery -- Conclusions -- References -- 30 Bleeding Risk and Outcomes of Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Treated with Antiplatelets -- Introduction -- Summary -- References -- 31 Bleeding Definitions -- Introduction -- Heterogeneous bleeding definitions -- The need for standardization -- The Standardized BARC definition -- References -- Section V Antiplatelet Responsiveness -- 32 Personalizing Antiplatelet Therapy -- Randomized trials of personalized antiplatelet therapy guided by platelet function testing -- Personalized antiplatelet therapy in the surgical patient -- Conclusions -- References -- 33 Aspirin Resistance -- Introduction -- Definition, prevalence, and clinical implications of aspirin resistance -- Potential mechanisms and targeted approaches to aspirin resistance -- General management considerations -- Conclusions -- References.

34 Clopidogrel Resistance -- Evidence for a threshold of posttreatment platelet reactivity (high on-treatment platelet reactivity) associated with long-term ischemic events -- Mechanisms responsible for clopidogrel nonresponsiveness -- Conclusions -- References -- 35 Genetics of Clopidogrel Poor Response -- Introduction -- Candidate gene approach -- PON 1: Have we found the grail? -- Genome-wide association studies -- Perspectives and conclusion -- References -- 36 Proton Pump Inhibitors and Clopidogrel -- Introduction -- Metabolism of clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors -- Pharmacodynamic studies of clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors -- Retrospective clinical studies and meta-analyses -- Randomized clinical trials -- Conclusion -- References -- 37 Other Drug Interactions with Clopidogrel -- Introduction -- Drug metabolism -- The clopidogrel-atorvastatin interaction -- Other clopidogrel-drug interactions -- Confounding variables in the drug interaction debate -- Research challenges in the drug interaction debate -- Conclusions -- References -- Index.