Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Introduction -- Chapter 1 The Vascular Endothelium in Diabetes -- Introduction -- Normal Endothelial Cell Function -- Measuring Endothelial Function -- Circulating Markers of Endothelial Dysfunction -- Endothelial Cell Dysfunction -- Endothelial Cell Dysfunction in Diabetes -- Hyperglycemia -- Insulin Resistance -- Dyslipidemia -- Clinical Relevance of Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetes -- Therapeutic Interventions for Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetes -- Lifestyle Interventions -- Statins -- Insulin Sensitizers -- Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Antagonists, Calcium Channel Blockers, and Beta Blockers -- Insulin -- Other Novel Agents -- Conclusions -- Guidelines and Web Links -- References -- Chapter 2 New Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes -- Introduction -- What Is a Biomarker? -- How Are Biomarkers Evaluated? -- Risk Association -- Discrimination -- Calibration -- Reclassification -- Categories of Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease -- Circulating Biomarkers -- CRP -- Apolipoproteins -- Clinical Use -- Lp (a) -- Imaging Biomarkers -- Coronary Artery Calcium Score (CACS) -- Carotid Intimal Thickness (CIMT) and Carotid Plaque (CP) -- Genetic Markers -- Conclusions -- Guidelines and Web Links -- References -- Chapter 3 Kidney Disease in Diabetes -- Definition -- Natural History and Courses of Diabetic Kidney Disease -- Pathophysiology of Diabetic Nephropathy -- Risk Factors for Diabetic Kidney Disease -- Glycemic Control -- Hypertension -- Smoking -- Dyslipidemia -- Genetic Predisposition -- Race -- Clinical Manifestation -- Screening and Diagnosis of Diabetic Kidney Disease (Algorithm 3.1) -- Urinary Albumin Excretion (UAE) -- Kidney function -- Prognosis of Diabetic Kidney Disease -- Management of Diabetic Kidney Disease -- Lifestyle Modification.

Glycemic Control -- Selection of Glucose-Lowering Agents in Patients with Diabetic Kidney Disease -- Blood Pressure Control in Diabetic Kidney Disease [71, 72] -- Control of Albuminuria in Diabetes -- Dyslipidemia -- Multifactorial Approach -- Referral to a Nephrologist -- Treatment Options for ESKD Caused by Diabetic Kidney Disease -- Conclusion -- Guidelines and Web Links -- References -- Chapter 4 Vascular Imaging -- Introduction -- Vascular Imaging Modalities and Findings in Relation to Diabetes -- Noninvasive Imaging Techniques -- Catheter-Based Imaging Techniques -- Role of Vascular Imaging in Clinical Settings -- Conclusion -- Guidelines and Web Links -- References -- Chapter 5 Glycemia and CVD and Its Management -- Diabetes, Glucose and Cardiovascular Disease -- Epidemiological Evidence for a Causal Role of Hyperglycemia in Cardiovascular Disease -- Glucose Fluctuations and Cardiovascular Risk -- Important Physiological Mechanisms of Glucose-Mediated Cardiovascular Risk -- Oxidative Stress, Advanced Glycosylation End Products, and Endothelial Dysfunction -- Autonomic Dysfunction -- Hypoglycemia -- The Controversy of Intensive Glucose Management and Cardiovascular Risk -- Intensive Glucose Control and Cardiovascular Mortality in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Study -- HBA1c: The U-Shaped Curve and Cardiovascular Outcomes -- Glucose-Lowering Medication and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease -- Metformin -- Sulfonylurea and Insulin -- Glitazones -- DPP-IV Inhibitors and GLP-1 Analogues -- Current Practice Guidance for Glucose Management in Relation to Cardiovascular Disease -- Guidelines and Web Links -- References -- Answers -- Chapter 6 Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease and Its Management -- Introduction -- Interaction between Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension.

Early Trials Including Hypertensive Diabetics -- Intensive versus Less-Intensive BP Goals -- Clinical Interpretation of Trials -- Available Data on Microvascular Endpoints -- Renal Outcomes in Hypertensive Diabetics -- Cerebrovascular Outcomes in Hypertensive Diabetics -- Combination Therapy in Hypertensive Diabetics -- Guidelines and Web Links -- References -- Chapter 7 Dyslipidemia and Its Management in Type 2 Diabetes -- Introduction -- Diabetic Dyslipidemia -- Dyslipidemia and CVD Risk -- Management of Diabetic Dyslipidemia -- Secondary Prevention -- Primary Prevention -- Cholesterol Goal Achievement in Practice -- Severe Hypertriglyceridemia -- A Look to the Future -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Thrombosis in Diabetes and Its Clinical Management -- Introduction -- Mechanisms of Thrombosis -- Fibrinogen Cleavage -- Factor XIII Activation and Fibrin Cross-linking -- Fibrinolysis -- Platelet Activation -- Summary of the Mechanisms of Thrombosis -- Mechanisms of Thrombosis in Diabetes -- Coagulation and Fibrinolysis -- Clot Structure -- Platelet Activation -- Management and Prevention of Thrombotic Events in Diabetes -- Antiplatelet Agents -- Aspirin -- Clopidogrel -- Prasugrel -- Ticagrelol -- Dipyridamol and Cilostazol -- Inhibitors of Platelet-Fibrinogen Interaction -- Agents Affecting the Coagulation Pathway -- Heparin -- Bivalirudin -- Fondaparinux -- Hypoglycemic Agents and Thrombosis Risk -- Management of Venous Thromboembolism in Diabetes -- Management Guidelines -- Conclusions -- Guidelines and Web Links -- References -- Chapter 9 Diet and Lifestyle in CVD Prevention and Treatment -- Introduction -- Diet -- Total Dietary Fat -- Type of Dietary Fat -- Dietary Cholesterol -- Dietary Carbohydrate -- Protein -- Dietary Supplements -- Physical Activity -- Tobacco Use -- Guidelines and Web Links -- References.

Chapter 10 Management of Acute Coronary Syndrome -- Introduction and Epidemiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome -- Pathophysiology -- Clinical Presentation -- Differential Diagnosis -- Diagnosis -- Risk Stratification -- Management -- Initial Medical Therapy -- Coronary Reperfusion -- Late Hospital and Post-Discharge Management -- Conclusion -- Guidelines -- References -- Chapter 11 Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease -- Introduction -- Diabetes Is an Important Risk Factor for Lower-Extremity Amputation -- Poor Prognosis of Patients with Diabetes after Amputation -- Decrease in the Amputation Rates in Patients with Diabetes -- Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Peripheral Arterial Disease in the PROactive Study -- Decrease in Mortality in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease -- Diagnosis of Peripheral Arterial Disease in Patients with Diabetes -- Ankle-Brachial Index -- Visualization of Peripheral Arterial Disease -- Duplex Ultra Sonography -- Magnetic Resonance Angiography -- Computed Tomographic Angiography -- Treatment Strategies in Diabetic Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease -- Lifestyle Modifications -- Rationale for Aggressive Treatment of cardiovascular Risk Factors in Peripheral Arterial Disease: Many Patients have Atherosclerosis in Other Vascular Beds -- Recommendations for Secondary Prevention and CV Risk Reduction in PAD -- Underutilization of Cardioprotective Drugs in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease -- Observational Outcome Data of Cardiovascular Risk Factor Control Show Benefit in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease -- How Aggressively Should We Lower Blood Pressure and LDL-Cholesterol Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and PAD? -- The Effect of Antiplatelet Drugs Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease.

Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Drugs for Prevention of Restenosis/Reocclusion Following Peripheral Endovascular Treatment -- Revascularization -- Conclusion -- Guidelines -- References -- Index -- Supplemental Images.