Industrial Product Design of Solids and Liquids -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Chemical Product Design - a New Approach in Product and Process Development -- Summary -- 1.1 Definitions -- 1.2 Customer Involvement -- 1.3 Specifications -- 1.4 Tasks of Development Team -- 1.5 Steering of Projects -- 1.6 Learnings -- References -- Chapter 2 Diversity of Product Design -- Summary -- 2.1 General Remarks -- 2.2 Customizable Developments -- 2.3 Foodstuffs -- 2.4 Chemicals -- 2.5 Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals -- 2.6 Polymers and Plastics -- 2.7 Ceramic Industry -- 2.8 Packaging -- 2.9 Brand -- 2.10 Learnings -- Chapter 3 Generation and Assessment of Ideas for Novel Products -- Summary -- 3.1 Innovation -- 3.2 Implementation of a Product Idea -- 3.3 Project Success (Some Personal Reflections on the People Involved) -- 3.4 Generation of Innovations -- 3.5 Evaluation of Product Ideas -- 3.6 Learnings -- References -- Chapter 4 Compressed Development and Implementation of Innovations -- Summary -- 4.1 Preliminary Remarks -- 4.2 Reasons for an Accelerated Product Development -- 4.3 Risks -- 4.4 Barriers in Development Projects -- 4.5 History -- 4.6 Compressed Project Processing -- 4.7 Project Leadership -- 4.8 Teamwork in Projects -- 4.9 Conditions for Success of Compressed Project Work -- 4.10 Design of Production Plant -- 4.11 Biotechnology -- 4.12 Maximum Speed-to-Market (Examples) -- 4.13 Relationship between Compressed Development and Product Design -- 4.14 Outlook -- 4.15 Learnings -- References -- Chapter 5 Product Design of Particles -- Summary -- 5.1 Dry Agglomeration Processes: Pelleting and Tableting -- 5.2 Wet Agglomeration Process: Granulation -- 5.2.1 Definition of Granulation -- 5.2.2 Tasks of Granulation -- 5.2.3 Theoretical Basics -- 5.2.4 Mechanisms of Granulation -- 5.2.5 Industrial Granulation -- 5.2.6 Scale-Up.

5.2.7 Applications -- 5.2.8 Design of Particles by Granulation -- 5.3 Learnings -- References -- Chapter 6 Product Design of Particles by Coatings -- Summary -- 6.1 Processes for Setting the Product Design of Particles -- 6.2 Opportunities for Influencing Particle Design -- 6.3 Tasks of Coatings -- 6.4 Basic Variants of Coating -- 6.5 Coating Technologies -- 6.6 Learnings -- References -- Chapter 7 Product Design Out of Disperse and Continuous Phases by Crushing -- Summary -- 7.1 Breaking Up of Materials -- 7.2 Importance of Crushing Processes -- 7.3 Particle Properties by Breaking Up -- 7.4 Variants of Crushing -- 7.4.1 Grinding of Solids -- 7.4.2 Deagglomeration -- 7.4.3 Split Up Sensitive Materials in a Cold Milling Process -- 7.4.4 Milling of Suspended Solids -- 7.4.5 Breaking Down and Transforming of Liquids into Dispersed Solids -- 7.4.6 Splitting with Simultaneous Absorbing/Reaction -- 7.5 Processes for Crushing of Materials -- 7.5.1 Equipment for Grinding of Disperse Dry Raw Materials -- 7.5.2 Equipment for Grinding of Disperse Raw Materials in Liquid Phases -- 7.5.3 Breaking Up of Materials in Combination with Drying Methods -- 7.6 Energy Requirements -- 7.7 Determination of Product Design via Specifications -- 7.8 Design of Products by Breaking-Up Processes -- 7.8.1 Determination of Particle Properties for Solids -- 7.8.2 Solids from Melting -- 7.9 Product Design Out of Multistep Processes (Examples) -- 7.9.1 Powders from Molten Metals -- 7.9.2 Powdered Metals for Metallic Paints -- 7.9.3 Reinforcing Materials and Fillers for Polymers -- 7.10 Consequences -- 7.11 Learnings -- References -- Chapter 8 Product Design Out of Continuous Phases by Spray Drying and Crystallization -- Summary -- 8.1 Importance of Spray Drying -- 8.2 Basics of Atomization and Drying -- 8.2.1 Atomizing with Nozzles.

8.2.2 Description of Drying and Structure Formation -- 8.2.3 Industrial Spray Drying -- 8.3 Spray Drying Plants and Plant Safety -- 8.4 Improved Capacity and Energy Consumption -- 8.5 Influencing the Product Design -- 8.5.1 Choice of Atomizer and of Operating Mode -- 8.5.2 Material Dependence of Particle Design -- 8.5.3 Agglomeration of Droplets and Particles -- 8.5.4 Recirculation of Coarse Particles and Dust -- 8.6 Scale-Up of Spray Dryers -- 8.7 Exhausted Air and Waste Water -- 8.8 Spray Agglomeration -- 8.9 Crystallization/Precipitation -- 8.10 Learnings -- References -- Chapter 9 Manufacturing of Application-Related Designed Plastic Products -- Summary -- 9.1 Polymers -- 9.2 Importance of Plastics -- 9.3 Task -- 9.4 Product Design for Plastics -- 9.4.1 Polymer Engineering -- 9.4.2 Polymer Design -- 9.4.3 Polymer Shaping -- 9.5 Polymers in Detergent Formulations -- 9.5.1 Cobuilder -- 9.5.2 Inhibitors (Graying, Color Transfer, Foam, and Dirt) -- 9.5.3 Excipients and Starches -- 9.6 Plastics in Detergent Industry -- 9.6.1 Packaging -- 9.6.2 Polyvinyl Alcohol as Packaging Material -- 9.7 Shape and Function -- 9.8 Learnings -- References -- Chapter 10 Production of Tailor-Made Enzymes for Detergents -- Summary -- 10.1 Product Design in Biotechnology -- 10.2 History -- 10.3 Enzymes -- 10.3.1 Enzymes as Part of White Biotechnology -- 10.3.2 Enzymes as Catalysts of Metabolism in Living Cells -- 10.3.3 Structure of Enzymes -- 10.4 Enzymes in Detergents -- 10.4.1 Significance -- 10.4.2 Optimizations of Production Strain -- 10.5 Industrial Manufacture of Proteases -- 10.5.1 Materials for the Plant -- 10.5.2 Three-Step Process -- 10.5.3 Fermentation -- 10.5.4 Downstream Processing of Fermentation Broths -- 10.5.5 Manufacturing of Enzyme Granules -- 10.6 Workplace Safety -- 10.7 Product Design of Enzymes -- 10.8 Learnings -- References.

Chapter 11 Design of Solid Laundry Detergents According to Consumer Requirements -- Summary -- 11.1 Market Products in Germany -- 11.2 Identification and Consideration of Customer Needs -- 11.3 History of Laundry Washing -- 11.4 Washing Process -- 11.5 Recipe -- 11.6 Design of Finished Products -- 11.7 Manufacturing Processes -- 11.7.1 Drying in Spray Towers for Customary Powders -- 11.7.2 Combined Spraying with Compacting Processes for Concentrates -- 11.7.3 Non-Tower Method -- 11.8 Novel Manufacturing Method for Granules -- 11.9 Economic Considerations -- 11.10 Outlook -- 11.11 Learnings -- References -- Chapter 12 Product Design of Liquids -- Summary -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Water-Based Liquids -- 12.3 Water-Insoluble Liquids (Example: Perfume Oils) -- 12.3.1 History of Perfume Oils -- 12.3.2 Perfumes -- 12.3.3 Extraction of Fragrances -- 12.3.4 Chemical Composition of Natural Fragrances -- 12.3.5 Possibilities in Product Design of Perfume Oils -- 12.3.6 Emulsions -- 12.3.7 Scented Solids -- 12.3.8 Neuromarketing -- 12.3.9 Perfume Oil for Space Fragrancing -- 12.3.10 Perfume Oils for Detergents -- 12.3.11 Manufacture of Fragrance Beads -- 12.3.12 Personal Care and Other Products -- 12.3.13 Safety -- 12.4 Learnings -- References -- Chapter 13 Design of Skin Care Products -- Summary -- 13.1 History of Cosmetics -- 13.2 Regulations of Cosmetic Products -- 13.3 Product Design -- 13.4 Skin Care -- 13.4.1 Cosmetic Products for Beautification -- 13.4.2 Active Cosmetics for Healthy Skin -- 13.4.3 Differences between Cosmeceuticals and Drugs -- 13.4.4 Natural Cosmetics Label -- 13.5 Emulsions -- 13.5.1 Basics (Definition, Structure, and Classification) -- 13.5.2 Stability of Emulsions -- 13.5.3 Preparation of Emulsions in the Laboratory -- 13.6 Structure of Skin Care Creams -- 13.6.1 Excipients -- 13.6.2 Preservations.

13.6.3 Additives -- 13.6.4 Cosmetic Active Ingredients -- 13.6.5 Typical Effects of Cosmetics -- 13.7 Essential Active Substances from a Medical Point of View -- 13.7.1 Linoleic and Linolenic -- 13.7.2 Urea -- 13.7.3 Panthenol -- 13.8 Penetration into the Skin -- 13.8.1 Skin Structure -- 13.8.2 Applying the Emulsion -- 13.8.3 Proof of Performance -- 13.8.4 Penetration of Lipophilic Substances -- 13.9 Targeted Product Design in the Course of Development -- 13.10 Production of Skin Care Products -- 13.11 Bottles and Prices of Cosmetic Creams -- 13.12 Design of all Elements -- 13.13 Learnings -- References -- Chapter 14 Influencing the Product Design by Chemical Reactions and the Manufacturing Process -- Summary -- 14.1 General Remarks -- 14.2 Elements of the Manufacturing Process -- 14.3 Raw Materials and Synthesis Routes -- 14.4 Chemical Reactor and Reaction Sequence -- 14.5 Entire Procedure -- 14.6 Choice of Machines and Apparatuses -- 14.7 Operating Conditions -- 14.8 Drying Gas -- 14.9 Learnings -- References -- Chapter 15 Design of Disperse Solids by Chemical Reactions -- Summary -- 15.1 Importance of Solid-State Reactions -- 15.2 Theoretical Bases -- 15.3 Modeling of Isothermal Solid-State Reactions -- 15.4 Modeling of "Adiabatic'' Solid Reactions -- 15.5 Reactions of Disperse Particles in the Industry -- 15.5.1 Conversions with Gases -- 15.5.2 Reactions of Particles with Liquids -- 15.5.3 Conversions in Liquids -- 15.5.4 Reactive Suspension Precipitations -- 15.6 Formation of Products -- 15.6.1 Product Formation in Fluid/Solid Reactions -- 15.6.2 Product Formation through Reactions in Suspension -- 15.6.3 Influencing the Product Design -- 15.7 Etherification of Cellulose -- 15.8 Dry Neutralization -- 15.8.1 Raw Materials -- 15.8.2 Chemical Formulas -- 15.8.3 Modeling of the Reaction Processes.

15.8.4 Reaction Sequence.