Cover -- Related Titles -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- Foreword, 2nd Edition -- Foreword, 1st Edition -- 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Reliability, Security, Economy -- 1.2 Legal, Political and Social Restrictions -- 1.3 Needs for Power System Planning -- 1.4 Basic, Development and Project Planning -- 1.4.1 Basic Planning -- 1.4.2 System Development Planning -- 1.4.3 Project Planning -- 1.5 Instruments for Power System Planning -- 1.6 Further Tasks of Power System Engineering -- 2: Power System Load -- 2.1 General -- 2.2 Load Forecast with Load Increase Factors -- 2.3 Load Forecast with Economic Characteristic Data -- 2.4 Load Forecast with Estimated Values -- 2.5 Load Forecast with Specific Loads and Degrees of Electrification -- 2.6 Load Forecast with Standardized Load Curves -- 2.7 Typical Time Course of Power System Load -- 3: Planning Principles and Planning Criteria -- 3.1 Planning Principles -- 3.2 Basics of Planning -- 3.3 Planning Criteria -- 3.3.1 Voltage Band According to IEC 60038 -- 3.3.2 Voltage Criteria -- 3.3.2.1 Low-Voltage Systems -- 3.3.2.2 Medium-Voltage Systems -- 3.3.2.3 High- and Extra-High-Voltage Systems -- 3.3.3 Loading Criteria -- 3.3.4 Stability Criteria -- 4: Economic Consideration and Loss Evaluation -- 4.1 Present Value and Annuity Method -- 4.2 Evaluation of Losses -- 4.2.1 Energy Losses -- 4.2.2 Power Losses -- 5: Topologies of Electrical Power Systems -- 5.1 Development of Power Systems -- 5.2 Recommended Voltage Levels -- 5.3 Topology of Power Systems -- 5.3.1 Radial Systems -- 5.3.2 Ring-Main Systems -- 5.3.2.1 Ring-Main System - Simple Topology -- 5.3.2.2 Ring-Main System with Remote Station (Without Supply) -- 5.3.2.3 Ring-Main System with Reserve Line -- 5.3.2.4 Ring-Main System with Feeding Remote Station -- 5.3.2.5 Ring-Main System as Tuple System -- 5.3.2.6 Ring-Main System with Cross-Link.

5.3.2.7 Ring-Main System with Base Station -- 5.3.2.8 Special-Spare Cable System -- 5.3.2.9 Double-T Connection -- 5.3.3 Meshed Systems at HV and MV Levels -- 5.3.3.1 HV Transmission Systems -- 5.3.3.2 Meshed MV Systems -- 5.3.4 Meshed Systems at the LV Level -- 5.3.4.1 Meshed System Supplied Station-by-Station -- 5.3.4.2 Single-Line Supply -- 5.3.4.3 Multiple-Line Supply -- 5.4 Special Operating Considerations -- 6: Arrangement in Gridstations and Substations -- 6.1 Busbar Arrangements -- 6.1.1 General -- 6.1.2 Single Busbar without Separation -- 6.1.3 Single Busbar with Sectionalizer -- 6.1.4 Special H-Arrangement -- 6.1.5 Double Busbar Arrangement -- 6.1.6 Double Busbar with Reserve Busbar -- 6.2 Arrangement in Switchyards -- 6.2.1 Breakers and Switches -- 6.2.2 Incoming and Outgoing Feeders -- 6.2.3 Current Transformers -- 6.2.4 Voltage Transformers -- 7: Transformers -- 7.1 General -- 7.2 Utilization and Construction of Transformers -- 7.2.1 Utilization of Transformers -- 7.2.2 Oil-Immersed Transformers and Dry-Type Transformers -- 7.2.3 Characteristic Data of Transformers -- 7.3 Operation of Transformers -- 7.3.1 Voltage Drop -- 7.3.2 Permissible Loading of Transformer Neutral -- 7.4 Thermal Permissible Loading -- 7.4.1 Temperature Models -- 7.4.2 Maximum Permissible Loading of Oil-Immersed Transformers -- 7.4.2.1 General -- 7.4.2.2 Continuous Loading -- 7.4.2.3 Normal Cyclic Load -- 7.4.2.4 Long-Time and Short-Time Emergency Operation -- 7.4.3 Maximal Permissible Loading of Dry-Type Transformers -- 7.5 Economical Operation of Transformers -- 7.6 Short-Circuit Strength -- 8: Cable Systems -- 8.1 General -- 8.2 Construction Details -- 8.3 Electrical Parameters of Cables -- 8.4 Losses and Permissible Current -- 8.4.1 General -- 8.4.2 Calculation of Losses -- 8.4.3 Soil Characteristics -- 8.4.4 Thermal Resistances of Cables.

8.4.5 Calculation according to VDE 0276-1000 -- 8.4.6 Determination of Maximal Permissible Loading by Computer Programs -- 8.5 Planning and Design of Cable Routes and Trenches -- 8.5.1 Coordination with Other Cables and Pipes -- 8.5.2 Effect of Thermally Unfavorable Areas -- 8.5.3 Influence of Other Parameters -- 8.6 Short-Circuit Withstand Capability -- 8.6.1 General -- 8.6.2 Rating of Cable Screens -- 9: Overhead Lines -- 9.1 General -- 9.2 Permissible Loading (Thermal) Current -- 9.2.1 Design Limits -- 9.2.2 Losses -- 9.2.3 Heating by Solar Radiation -- 9.2.4 Heat Dissipation by Radiation and Convection -- 9.2.5 Examples for Permissible Thermal Loading -- 9.3 Electric Field Strength -- 9.4 Sag, Tensions and Minimum Distances -- 9.4.1 Minimal Length of Insulation -- 9.4.2 Conductor Sag and Span Length -- 9.5 Short-Circuit Thermal Withstand Strength -- 9.6 Right-of-Way (ROW) and Tower Arrangement -- 9.7 Cost Estimates -- 9.8 High-Temperature Conductors -- 9.8.1 General -- 9.8.2 Thermal Alloy Conductor Steel Reinforced (TACSR) -- 9.8.3 Zirconium Alloy Conductor Invar Steel Reinforced (ZACIR) -- 9.8.4 Gap Thermal Resistant Aluminum Alloy Steel Reinforced (GTACSR) -- 9.8.5 Annealed Aluminum Conductor Steel Supported (ACSS) -- 9.8.6 Aluminum Conductor Composite Core (ACCC) -- 9.8.7 Aluminum Conductor Composite Reinforced (ACCR) -- 10: Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) -- 10.1 Basics of Transmission of Power through Lines -- 10.2 Parallel Compensation of Lines -- 10.3 Serial Compensation of Lines -- 10.4 Phase-Shifting Equipment -- 10.5 Improvement of Stability -- 10.6 Basics of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) -- 10.7 HVDC-Transmission (High-Voltage-Direct-Current) -- 10.7.1 General -- 10.7.2 Converter Stations and Related Equipment -- 10.7.3 Breakers, Reactors, Electrodes and other Equipment.

11: Load-Flow and Short-Circuit Current Calculation -- 11.1 Load-Flow Calculation -- 11.2 Calculation of Short-Circuit Currents -- 11.2.1 General -- 11.2.2 Initial Short-Circuit Current (AC) -- 11.2.3 Peak Short-Circuit Current -- 11.2.3.1 Uniform or Smallest R/X Ratio (Method A) -- 11.2.3.2 R/X Ratio of the Short-Circuit Impedance at the Short-Circuit Location (Method B) -- 11.2.3.3 Equivalent Frequency f c (Method C) -- 11.2.4 Symmetrical Short-Circuit Breaking Current -- 11.2.5 Steady-State Short-Circuit Current -- 11.2.6 Influence of Synchronous and Asynchronous Motors -- 11.3 Short-Circuit Withstand Capability -- 11.4 Limitation of Short-Circuit Currents -- 11.4.1 General -- 11.4.2 Measures in Power Systems -- 11.4.2.1 Selection of Nominal System Voltage -- 11.4.2.2 Operation as Separate Subsystems -- 11.4.2.3 Distribution of Feeding Locations -- 11.4.2.4 Coupling of Power System at Busbars with Low Short-Circuit Level -- 11.4.2.5 Restructuring of the Power System -- 11.4.3 Measures in Installations and Switchgear Arrangement -- 11.4.3.1 Multiple Busbar Operation -- 11.4.3.2 Busbar Sectionalizer in Single-Busbar Switchgear -- 11.4.3.3 Short-Circuit Current Limiting Equipment -- 11.4.4 Measures Concerning Equipment -- 11.4.4.1 Impedance Voltage of Transformers -- 11.4.4.2 Short-Circuit Limiting Reactor -- 11.4.4.3 Earthing Impedances -- 11.4.4.4 Increased Subtransient Reactance of Generators -- 12: Connection of "Green-Energy" Generation to Power Systems -- 12.1 General -- 12.2 Conditions for System Connection -- 12.2.1 General -- 12.2.2 Calculation of Power System Impedance at Point of Common Coupling -- 12.2.2.1 Structure of Power System -- 12.2.2.2 Parallel Resonances in Electrical Power Systems -- 12.2.2.3 Typical Resonances in Power Systems -- 12.2.3 Short-Circuit Currents and Protective Devices.

12.2.4 Voltage Control and Reactive Power Supply under Steady-State Conditions -- 12.2.4.1 Generation Connected to Low-Voltage Systems -- 12.2.4.2 Generation Connected to Medium-Voltage Systems -- 12.2.4.3 Generation Connected to High-Voltage Systems (Un = 110 kV) -- 12.2.4.4 Generation Connected to Extra-High-Voltage Systems (Un ≥ 110 kV) -- 12.2.5 Frequency Control and Active Power Reduction -- 12.3 Fault-Ride-Through (FRT) Conditions and Dynamic Voltage Control -- 12.3.1 Types of Generation Units -- 12.3.2 Conditions for Generation Units of Type 1 -- 12.3.3 Conditions for Units of Type 2 -- 12.4 Assessment of System Perturbations of Generation Plants -- 12.4.1 General -- 12.4.2 Voltage Increase -- 12.4.3 Rapid Voltage Change due to Switching Operations -- 12.4.4 Flicker Caused by Switching -- 12.4.5 Flicker at Normal Operating Conditions -- 12.4.6 Harmonic and Interharmonic Currents and Voltages -- 12.4.6.1 LV and MV System -- 12.4.6.2 Generation Connected to HV and EHV System -- 12.4.6.3 Superposition of Harmonics and Interharmonics -- 12.4.7 Asymmetry and Voltage Unbalance -- 12.4.8 Commutation Dips -- 12.4.9 Effects on Ripple-Control and Line-Carrier Systems -- 13: Protection of Equipment and Power System Installations -- 13.1 Faults and Disturbances -- 13.2 Criteria for Operation of Protection Devices -- 13.3 General Structure of Protective Systems -- Transducers -- 13.4 Protection of Equipment -- 13.5 Protection of Lines (Overhead Lines and Cables) -- 13.5.1 General -- 13.5.2 Overcurrent Protection -- 13.5.3 Distance (Impedance) Protection -- 13.5.4 Differential Protection of Lines -- 13.5.5 Ground-Fault Protection -- 13.6 Protection of Transformers -- 13.6.1 General -- 13.6.2 Differential Protection -- 13.6.3 Overcurrent Protection, Distance Protection, Ground-Fault Protection -- 13.6.4 Buchholz Protection -- 13.7 Protection of Busbars.

13.7.1 Current Criteria for Busbar Protection.