Clinical Problems in Oncology -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- List of abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Introduction to clinical problems in oncology -- General approach to the management of oncology patients -- Types of treatment -- Tumour types and extent of disease -- Other important tumour characteristics -- Decision making in cancer patients -- Assessing response to treatment -- References -- Performance status -- Tumour markers -- Overview -- Current uses of tumour markers -- Common tumour markers -- Other relevant sections of this book -- References -- Chapter 2 Oncological emergencies -- Anaphylaxis and hypersensitivity reactions -- Definition -- Causes -- Symptoms and signs -- Management -- Localised hypersensitivity reaction -- Anaphylaxis -- Observation a nd biphasic reactions -- Ongoing management and retreatment -- References -- Bleeding -- Overview -- Clinical presentation -- Clinical assessment -- Management -- Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) -- End of life considerations/catastrophic bleed -- Other relevant sections of this book -- References -- Central airway obstruction and stridor -- Definition -- Causes -- Symptoms -- Investigation -- Management -- References -- Extravasation -- Definition -- Risk factors and prevention of extravasation -- Diagnosis -- Differential diagnoses -- Management -- Central venous device extravasation -- Recall injury -- Surgical referral -- References -- Febrile neutropenia -- Definition -- Background -- Assessment -- Management -- Future cancer management -- References -- Hypercalcaemia -- Symptoms/signs -- Causes -- Management -- References -- Non-neutropenic sepsis -- Definitions -- Presentation and management -- Other relevant sections of this book -- References -- Raised intracranial pressure and seizures.

Raised intracranial pressure (ICP) -- Seizures -- References -- Spinal cord compression -- Definition -- Presentation -- Risk factors -- Early detection of spinal metastases -- MSCC as an oncological emergency -- Treatment -- Management after definitive treatment -- References -- Superior vena cava obstruction -- Causes -- Presentation -- Investigations -- Treatment -- References -- Transfusion reactions -- Mild fever only -- Urticaria/mild allergic reaction only -- ABO incompatibility -- Severe allergic reaction -- Haemolytic reaction or bacterial infection of unit of transfusion -- Acute dyspnoea/hypotension -- Other relevant sections of this book -- References -- Tumour lysis syndrome -- Definition -- Classification -- Causes -- Risk assessment -- Management -- Other relevant sections of this book -- References -- Chapter 3 Side effects and complications of cancer and its treatment -- Overview of toxicity management -- Assessment and documentation of toxicities -- Advice to patients -- Principles of toxicity management -- Effects of dose reductions and/or delays on treatment efficacy -- References -- Abnormal liver function tests -- Abnormal liver function -- Assessment -- Causes of hepatitic liver dysfunction -- Causes of obstructive liver dysfunction -- Investigations -- Management -- Prescribing and liver function -- Other relevant sections of this book -- References -- Alopecia -- Symptoms and signs -- Causes -- Management -- References -- Anaemia -- Causes -- Symptoms and signs -- Investigations -- Management -- Refusal of blood products -- Palliative care -- Other relevant sections of this book -- References -- Anorexia and nutrition -- Anorexia -- Cachexia -- Causes of reduced calorific intake -- Management -- Other relevant sections of this book -- References -- Ascites -- Symptoms/signs and causes -- Management.

Other management approaches -- Other relevant sections of this book -- References -- Bone metastases and osteoporosis -- Bone metastases -- Osteoporosis -- Other relevant sections of this book -- References -- Bowel obstruction -- Symptoms -- Management -- References -- Breathlessness -- Symptoms and signs -- Causes -- Management -- Lymphangitis -- Pleural effusion -- Pneumonitis -- Other relevant sections of this book -- References -- Chest pain and other cardiac complications -- Chest pain -- Arrhythmias -- Pericardial effusions and pericarditis -- Pericarditis/myocarditis -- Heart failure -- Radiation-related cardiac injury -- Other cardiac complications -- References -- Confusion and decreased conscious level -- Delirium and confusion -- References -- Constipation -- Causes -- Symptoms -- Management -- References -- Dental disorders -- General dental advice -- Osteonecrosis of the jaw -- References -- Diarrhoea -- Symptoms and signs -- Differential diagnoses and their management -- Other relevant sections of this book -- References -- Dysphagia -- Symptoms and signs -- Causes -- Investigations -- Management -- Other techniques -- Other relevant sections of this book -- References -- Fatigue -- Overview -- Management -- Other relevant sections of this book -- References -- Fertility and pregnancy -- Fertility -- Factors influencing fertility post treatment -- Possible causes of reduced pre-treatment fertility in male cancer patients -- Possible cause of reduced fertility in female cancer patients -- Methods of fertility preservation -- Fertility preservation for men -- Fertility preservation for women -- Pregnancy following cancer treatment -- Cancer in pregnancy -- References -- Haematuria -- Causes -- Symptoms -- Investigations and management -- Haemorrhagic cystitis -- References -- Hearing loss -- Causes -- Risk factors -- Audiological testing.

References -- Hiccups -- Pathophysiology -- Causes -- Investigations -- Treatment -- References -- Hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia -- Hyperglycaemia -- Hypoglycaemia -- References -- Hypertension and hypotension -- Hypertension -- Hypotension -- References -- Lymphoedema -- Symptoms and signs -- Causes -- Factors which may increase the risk of lymphoedema -- Diagnosis -- General advice for lymphoedema prevention and management -- Treatment -- References -- Mucositis -- Mucositis -- Risk factors -- Symptoms and consequences of mucositis -- Signs -- General advice -- Prevention -- Suggested general principles of treatment -- Neutropenic ulcers -- Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV -1) associated mucositis -- Oral candidiasis -- Other relevant sections of this book -- References -- Nausea and vomiting -- Symptoms and signs -- Causes -- Managment -- Other relevant sections -- References -- Neuropathy -- Symptoms and signs -- Causes -- Other causes -- Management -- Neuroprotective treatment -- Pharmacological treatment -- Neurostimulation -- References -- Neutropenia -- Causes -- Management -- Management of unexpected neutropenia -- GCSF -- Other relevant sections of this book -- References -- Proteinuria -- Causes -- Symptoms -- Investigations -- Management -- Bevacizumab-related proteinuria -- References -- Pruritus -- Assessment -- Causes -- Management -- Other relevant sections of this book -- References -- Psychiatric disorders -- Adjustment disorder, depression and suicidal ideation -- Anxiety -- Psychosis -- Mental Capacity Act ( 2005) -- Mental Health Act 1983 -- Other relevant sections of this book -- References -- Rash -- General advice -- Hand-foot syndrome due to chemotherapy -- Hand-foot syndrome due to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g. sorafenib, sunitinib) -- Acneiform rash -- Skin cracking and fissuring -- Nail changes -- Xerosis (dry skin).

Hyper or hypopigmentation -- Radiation recall -- Other skin toxicities -- Other relevant sections of this book -- References -- Renal failure and hydronephrosis -- Hydronephrosis -- Other relevant sections of this book -- References -- Sexual dysfunction -- Sexual dysfunction -- Symptoms and signs -- Management -- Other relevant sections of this book -- References -- Thrombocytopenia -- Aetiology -- Symptoms -- Investigations -- Management -- Heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) -- Other relevant sections of this book -- References -- Thromboembolism -- Arterial thromboembolism (ATE) -- References -- Vaccinations and immunoglobulin -- Vaccinations -- Exposure to chickenpox -- References -- Visual symptoms -- Eye disorders -- Ocular toxicity -- References -- Chapter 4 Introduction to radiotherapy -- Introduction to radiotherapy -- Indications for radiotherapy -- Radiotherapy dose and fractionation -- Efficacy of radiotherapy -- Methods of delivery of radiotherapy -- External beam radiotherapy -- Newer techniques using external beam radiotherapy -- Brachytherapy -- Radioisotopes -- Palliative radiotherapy -- Paediatric radiotherapy -- References -- Chapter 5 Radiotherapy side effects and their management -- Overview of radiotherapy toxicity -- Risk of second malignancies -- Causes of toxicity -- The effect of radiotherapy schedules on toxicity -- Overview of radical radiotherapy treatment and side effect management by anatomical treatment site -- Brain -- Head and neck -- Other relevant sections of this book -- Breast -- Thorax -- Management of early respiratory toxicity -- Other relevant sections of this book -- Abdomen -- Pelvis -- Other relevant sections of this book -- Skin toxicities -- Assessment of skin reactions -- Management of early skin toxicity -- Management of late skin toxicity -- Total body irradiation -- References.

Chapter 6 Endocrine therapy, immunotherapy and targeted therapies.