Air Pollution and Health.
Title:
Air Pollution and Health.
Author:
Ayres, Jon.
ISBN:
9781860949234
Personal Author:
Physical Description:
1 online resource (264 pages)
Series:
Air Pollution Reviews ; v.3
Air Pollution Reviews
Contents:
CONTENTS -- CONTRIBUTORS -- Preface -- 1 The Role of the Nose in Health and Disease -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Nose as a Defender of the Airway -- 2.1 Filtration of Suspended Particulate Matter -- 2.2 Humidincation of Inspired Air -- 2.3 The Nose as a Heat Exchanger -- 2.4 Mucociliary Clearance -- 2.5 Innervation of the Nose and Nasal Reflexes -- 3 Effects of Pollutants on the Nose -- 3.1 Effects on Sensory Nerves -- 3.2 Effects on Mucociliary Clearance -- 3.3 Effects on Epithelial Cells -- 3.4 Effects on Immune System -- 3.5 Rhinitis and Air Pollution -- 4 Summary -- References -- 2 Cardiovascular Effects of Particles -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Epidemiology -- 2.1 Air Pollution and Mortality -- 2.2 Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Mortality and Morbidity -- 2.3 Pollutants Implicated in Cardiovascular Health Effects -- 3 Potential Mechanisms -- 3.1 The Inflammatory Hypothesis -- 3.2 The Autonomic Hypothesis -- 3.3 Air Pollution and Coronary Vasoconstriction -- 4 Future Experimental Research and Considerations in Exposure Studies -- References -- 3 Point Sources of Air Pollution - Investigation of Possible Health Effects Using Small Area Methods -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data Sources -- 2.1 Health Data -- 2.2 Population Data -- 2.3 Exposure Assessment -- 2.4 Socioeconomic Confounding -- 3 Assessing Effects of Factory Emissions on the Health of Local Populations -- 3.1 Example of a Point Source Investigation -- 3.2 Cluster Investigation -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Characterisation of Airborne Particulate Matter and Related Mechanisms of Toxicity: An Experimental Approach -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Mechanisms of lnhaled Particle Toxicity -- 2 Collection Methods for Airborne Particles -- 2.1 Impaction Collection -- 2.2 Filtration Collection -- 2.3 Filter Selection.
3 Analysis Methods for Airborne Particles -- 3.1 Electron Microscopy and Image Analysis -- 3.2 Elemental Analysis -- 3.3 In Vitro and In Vivo Characterisation -- 3.4 Plasmid Assay -- 3.5 In vivo Techniques -- 3.6 Case Study: Characterisation of PM in Port Talbot South Wales -- 3.7 SEM Characterisation -- 3.8 ICP-MS Characterisation -- 3.9 Case Study: In Vitro Effects of Water-soluble Metals Found in Particles Collected in London in 1958 -- 4 In Vitro Human Airway Epithelial Models -- 4.1 The EpiAirwayTM In Vitro Human Tracheal/ Bronchial Epithelial Model -- 5 Toxicogenomics and Gene Expression Studies -- 5.1 Case Study: Bioreactivity of Metals in UK Particulate Matter -- 6 Molecular Bioreactivity of Different Particles In Vitro -- 6.1 Case Studies - Exposure of Pulmonary Epithelial Cell Lines to Ambient PM -- 6.2 Molecular Mechanisms of Toxicity -- 6.3 Proto-oncogenes -- 6.4 NF-Kappa B -- 7 Proteomics -- 7.1 Two Dimensional SDS-PAGE -- 7.2 Image Analysis -- 7.3 Mass Spectrometry -- 7.4 Proteomic Analysis and the Lung -- 7.5 Case Study - Proteomic Analysis of Bleomycin Induced Lung Injury -- 7.6 Other Proteomic Studies Involving BALF -- 8 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Abbreviations -- 5 Acid Aerosols as a Health Hazard -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Formation of Atmospheric Acid Aerosols -- 3 Exposure Levels -- 4 Dosimetry and Fate -- 5 Health Effects of Acidic Aerosols -- 5.1 Epidemiological Evidence -- 6 Toxicological Evidence -- 7 Assessment of Health Risk from Ambient Acidic Particles -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Testing New Particles -- 1 Background to Particles and Lung Disease -- 1.1 Which Particles Cause Lung Disease? -- 1.2 Which Diseases are Caused by Particles? -- 1.3 How Do Particles Cause Disease? -- 1.4 Factors Affecting Particle Toxicity -- 2 Approaches to Testing.
2.1 Characterising the Particles -- 2.2 Assessment of Toxicity In Vitro -- 2.3 Animal Studies -- 3 Conclusion: A Tiered Approach to Testing of a New Particle -- References -- 7 Valuing the Health Impact of Air Pollution: Deaths DALYs or Dollars? -- 1 Fifty Years on -- 2 Problems for Policy Makers -- 3 Putting Money where Public Health Profits Most -- 3.1 Numbers -- 3.2 Health Adjusted Life-Years (e.g. DALYs) -- 3.3 Monetary Value -- 4 Healthy Time as a Metric -- 5 Trading Health for Wealth or Wealth for Health -- 6 Impact Assessment -- 6.1 Health Responses to Exposures -- 6.2 Long-term Versus Short-term Mortality -- 6.3 The Health Market -- 6.4 Uncertainty -- 7 Deaths DALYs and Dollars (Euro) -- 8 Discussion -- 8.1 Health Impact Assessment -- 8.2 Environmental Health Impacts on a Scale -- 8.3 Worth the Money? -- 8.4 Equity and Efficiency -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- Index.
Abstract:
This invaluable volume, the third in the series Air Pollution Reviews , addresses particular questions relating to air pollution and its effect on health. It deals with the impact of nasal disease on lung exposure, how pollutants are distributed within the lung, and the uncertainties with regard to defining the dose to the lung. It takes a tangential look at the lung dose by exploring the possibility of obtaining clues from occupational medicine. Toxicologically, the book examines the possible methodology for exploring how particles and their toxicity can be investigated, and looks into the cardio-toxic effects of air pollution. The effects of pollutant mixtures are compared with those of individual pollutants. In addition, the question of the importance of acid aerosols is tackled. Epidemiologically, the book deals with the problems associated with point sources as opposed to diffuse sources of air pollution, and considers whether the health effects of air pollution can be adequately quantified. These areas, though difficult, need to be addressed, in order to develop our knowledge of the health effects of air pollution. In this volume, a strong panel of authors treat the issues. They have raised questions but at the same time succeeded in solving a number of problems. Contents: The Role of the Nose in Health and Disease (R Eccles); Cardiovascular Effects of Particles (H C Routledge & J G Ayres); Point Sources of Air Pollution - Investigation of Possible Health Effects Using Small Area Methods (P Elliott); Characterisation of Airborne Particulate Matter and Related Mechanisms of Toxicity: An Experimental Approach (K Bérubé et al.); Acid Aerosols as a Health Hazard (L C Chen et al.); Testing New Particles (K Donaldson et al.); Valuing the Health Impact of Air Pollution: Deaths, DALYs or Dollars? (A E M de Hollander & J M Melse). Readership:
Government bodies, environmentalists, scientists in the field of air pollution, undergraduate and graduate students.
Local Note:
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2017. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.
Genre:
Electronic Access:
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