CONTENTS -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Deformable Image Registration for Radiation Therapy Planning: Algorithms and Applications M. R. Kaus and K. K. Brock -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Algorithmic Components of Deformable Image Registration Techniques -- 2.1. Similarity measures -- 2.1.1. Intensity-based similarity measures -- 2.1.2. Contour-based measures -- 2.2. Deformation models -- 2.2.1. Parametric transformations -- 2.2.1.1. B-splines -- 2.2.1.2. Radial basis functions -- 2.2.1.3. Thin-plate splines (TPS) -- 2.2.1.4. Wendland functions -- 2.2.1.5. Elastic body splines (EBS) -- 2.2.1.6. Irregular grids -- 2.2.2. Non-parametric transformations -- 2.2.2.1. Linear elastic -- 2.2.2.2. Viscoelastic -- 2.2.2.3. Hyperelastic -- 2.2.2.4. Navier-Stokes equation -- 2.2.2.5. Viscous fluid -- 2.2.2.6. Diffusion or Demon's algorithm -- 2.2.2.7. Solving -- 2.2.2.8. Finite element -- 2.2.2.9. Finite difference -- 3. Applications -- 3.1. Head and Neck -- 3.2. Thorax and upper abdomen -- 3.3. Pelvis -- 3.3.1. Measurement of organ motion -- 3.3.2. Application of deformable registration -- 3.3.2.1. Quantification of organ motion and dose tracking -- 3.3.2.2. Image fusion -- 4. Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Image-based Computational Hemodynamics Methods and their Application for the Analysis of Blood Flow Past Endovascular Devices J. R. Cebral, R. Löhner, S. Appanaboyina and C. M. Putman -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Cerebral aneurysms and their treatment -- 1.2. Patient-specific hemodynamics -- 2. Image-based Computational Hemodynamics Models -- 2.1. Anatomical modeling: image processing -- 2.2. Anatomical modeling: geometric modeling -- 2.3. Anatomical modeling: grid generation -- 2.4. Flow modeling: computational fluid dynamics -- 2.4.1. Spatial discretization -- 2.4.2. The advection operator -- 2.4.3. The divergence operator.

2.4.4. Temporal discretization: projection schemes -- 2.4.5. Temporal discretization: implicit schemes -- 2.4.6. Implicit treatment of the advection terms -- 2.4.7. Blood viscosity -- 2.4.8. Boundary conditions -- 2.5. Flow modeling: post processing -- 2.6. Flow modeling: visualization -- 3. Hemodynamics Simulations and Endovascular Devices -- 3.1. Embedded grid techniques -- 3.1.1. Kinetic treatment of embedded objects -- 3.1.2. Kinematic treatment of embedded surfaces -- 3.1.3. Determination of crossed edges -- 3.1.4. First order treatment -- 3.1.5. Higher order treatment -- 3.1.6. Deactivation of interior regions -- 3.1.7. Extrapolation of the solution -- 3.1.8. Adaptive mesh refinement -- 3.1.9. Direct link to particles -- 4. Numerical Examples -- 4.1. Flow past a circular cylinder -- 4.2. Idealized aneurysm stenting model -- 4.3. Idealized model of stented perforating artery -- 4.4. Patient specific aneurysm stenting model -- 4.5. Models of aneurysm coiling -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 On Modeling Soft Biological Tissues with the Natural Element Method M. Doblaré, B. Calvo, M. A. Martı́nez, E. Pe˜na, A. Pérez del Palomar and J. F. Rodrı́guez -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mechanical Behavior of Biological Soft Tissues -- 3. The Natural Element Implementation -- 3.1. Natural neighbor interpolation -- 3.2. Computation of the natural neighbor shape functions -- 3.3. Natural element formulation -- 4. Examples -- 4.1. Biomechanical modeling of human cornea -- 4.2. Temporomandibular disc -- 4.3. Passive modeling of heart -- 4.4. Human knee ligaments -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 Techniques in Computer-Aided Diagnosis and their Application in Clinical Investigation of Bronchial Systems C. I. Fetita, A. Saragaglia, M. Thiriet, F. Prˆeteux and P. A. Grenier -- 1. Introduction.

2. MDCT Scanning Protocol -- 3. Physiopathology of the Airways -- 4. Basic CAD Techniques Relying on MDCT Data Visualization and Rendering -- 4.1. Cross-section data imaging -- 4.2. Volume rendering: a projective approach -- 4.2.1. Minimum and maximum intensity projection (mIP/MIP) -- 4.2.2. Composite rendering -- 5. Advanced CAD Techniques Based on MDCT Data Segmentation and Interaction -- 5.1. 3D segmentation of the airways -- 5.1.1. Global investigation of the bronchial tree -- 5.2. Axis-based description for morphometric analysis, interaction and navigation -- 5.2.1. Axis computation of the tracheobronchial tree -- 5.2.2. Morphometric analysis -- 5.2.3. Interaction and navigation facilities -- 5.2.4. Assessment of airway reactivity and bronchial wall remodeling -- 5.3. Patient-specific model synthesis for data exchange and functional investigation -- 5.3.1. 3D mesh modeling of the tracheobronchial tree -- 5.3.2. Airflow simulation in proximal airways -- 5.3.3. New trends in airway wall quantification: a volumetric approach -- 6. Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Authors Contact Information -- Chapter 5 Computational Approach to Left Ventricular Flow for Developing Clinical Applications M. Nakamura, S. Wada and T. Yamaguchi -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart -- 3. Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and its Clinical Assessment Using Color M-mode Doppler Echocardiography -- 4. Fluid Mechanics of Intraventricular Blood Flow -- 5. Advancing Clinical Diagnosis Using Computational Biomechanics -- 6. Toward Clinically Applying the Computational Modeling of Intraventricular Flow -- 6.1. Modeling left ventricular flow -- 6.1.1. Modeling the left ventricle -- 6.1.2. Modeling the mitral and aortic valve orifices -- 6.1.3. Analysis of blood flow.

6.2. Analysis of left ventricular diastolic flow and its relation to the pattern of a CMD echocardiogram -- 6.3. Influence of the mitral valve orifice opening mode on intraventricular diastolic flow -- 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 6 The Biomedical Applications of Computed Tomography H. S. Tuan and D. W. Hutmacher -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basics of CT -- 3. Radiation Dosage -- 4. Contrast Reagents -- 5. Clinical CT -- 5.1. Clinical CT equipment -- 5.2. Clinical imaging: circulatory system -- 5.3. Clinical imaging: respiratory system -- 5.4. Clinical imaging: gastroinstinal tract -- 5.5. Clinical imaging: tumor detection -- 5.6. Clinical imaging: urography -- 5.7. Clinical imaging: emergency and trauma -- 5.8. Surgical planning -- 5.9. Prosthetic and implant design -- 6. Micro CT -- 6.1. The differences between micro CT and clinical CT -- 6.2. Micro CT imaging: bone research -- 6.3. Micro CT imaging: vasculature studies -- 6.4. Micro CT imaging: scaffold characterization -- 6.5. Micro CT imaging: tissue engineering -- 6.6. Micro CT imaging: soft tissue analysis -- 6.7. Micro CT imaging: In vivo imaging -- 6.8. Micro CT imaging: finite element modeling (FEM) -- 7. Future Development in Clinical and Micro CT -- 8. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Methods in Combined Compression and Elongation of Liver Tissue and their Application in Surgical Simulation I. Sakuma and C. Chui -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Measurement of Liver Tissue Elasticity -- 2.1. Preparation of tissue sample -- 2.2. Experimental setup -- 2.3. Uniaxial loading tests -- 3. Characteristics of Liver Tissue -- 3.1. Stress-strain relationship -- 3.2. Nonhomogeneity -- 3.3. Effects of temperature -- 3.4. Strain rate dependency -- 3.5. Incompressibility and Poisson's ratio -- 3.6. Anisotropy -- 4. Strength and Elastic Modulus of Liver Tissues.

5. Mathematical Description of Liver Tissue Elasticity -- 5.1. Empirical expressions -- 5.2. Strain energy functions -- 5.3. Image based inverse finite element parameter estimation -- 5.4. Multi-linear constitutive equation -- 5.4.1. Equivalent stress and strain for multi-axial state -- 6. Finite Element Simulation of Soft Tissue Deformation -- 7. Concluding Remarks -- 7.1. Methods of experiment -- 7.2. Viscoelastic properties of liver tissue and constitutive modeling -- 7.3. Hepatic blood flow and biphasic poroelastic constitutive modeling -- 7.4. Biomechanics of hepatic vessel -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 Ultrasound Measurement of Swelling Behaviors of Articular Cartilage In Situ Q. Wang and Y.-P. Zheng -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Articular cartilage -- 1.1.1. Negative charged proteoglycan-collagen matrix -- 1.1.2. Layered structure and mechanical properties -- 1.1.2.1. Surface layer (or superficial zone) -- 1.1.2.2. Middle layer (or transitional zone) -- 1.1.2.3. Deep layer (or radial zone) -- 1.1.3. Inhomogeneity and anisotropy of mechanical properties -- 1.2. Swelling behavior of articular cartilage -- 1.2.1. Origin of swelling -- 1.2.2. Osmosis-induced swelling behavior -- 2. Methods -- 2.1. Specimen preparation -- 2.2. Ultrasound swelling measurement system (USMS) -- 2.2.1. Manually-controlled 3D ultrasound system -- 2.2.2. Motor-controlled 3D ultrasound system -- 2.3. Experiment protocols of swelling behavior -- 2.3.1. Dimension-dependence of swelling behavior -- 2.3.2. In situ measurement compared with ex situ measurement -- 2.3.3. Shrinkage-swelling test -- 2.3.4. Monitoring swelling behavior using ultrasound elastomicroscopy -- 2.4. Data analysis -- 3. Results and Discussions -- 3.1. Transient swelling strain -- 3.2. Transient changes in ultrasound speed -- 3.3. Effect of specimen dimension on swelling measurement.

3.4. Differences between in situ and ex situ measurements.