4D Electron Microscopy : Imaging in Space and Time.
Title:
4D Electron Microscopy : Imaging in Space and Time.
Author:
Zewail, Ahmed H.
ISBN:
9781848163911
Personal Author:
Physical Description:
1 online resource (360 pages)
Contents:
Acknowledgements -- Preface -- Contents -- 1. Historical Perspectives: From Camera Obscura to 4D Imaging -- References -- 2. Concepts of Coherence: Optics, Diffraction, and Imaging -- 2.1 Coherence - A Simplified Prelude -- 2.2 Optical Coherence and Decoherence -- 2.3 Coherence in Diffraction -- 2.3.1 Rayleigh criterion and resolution -- 2.3.2 Diffraction from atoms and molecules -- 2.4 Coherence and Diffraction in Crystallography -- 2.5 Coherence in Imaging -- 2.5.1 Basic concepts -- 2.5.2 Coherence of the source, lateral and temporal -- 2.5.3 Imaging in electron microscopy -- 2.6 Instrumental Factors Limiting Coherence -- References -- 3. From 2D to 3D Structural Imaging: Salient Concepts -- 3.1 2D and 3D Imaging -- 3.2 Electron Crystallography: Combining Diffraction and Imaging -- 3.3 High-Resolution Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy -- 3.3.1 Use of STEM for electron tomography of inorganic materials -- 3.4 Biological and Other Organic Materials -- 3.4.1 Macromolecular architecture visualized by cryo-electron tomography -- 3.5 Electron-Energy-Loss Spectroscopy and Imaging by Energy-Filtered TEM -- 3.5.1 Combined EELS and ET in cellular biology -- 3.6 Electron Holography -- References -- 4. Applications of 2D and 3D Imaging and Related Techniques -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Real-Space Crystallography via HRTEM and HRSTEM -- 4.2.1 Encapsulated nanocrystalline structures -- 4.2.2 Nanocrystalline catalyst particles of platinum -- 4.2.3 Microporous catalysts and molecular sieves -- 4.2.4 Other zeolite structures -- 4.2.5 Structures of complex catalytic oxides solved by HRSTEM -- 4.2.6 The value of electron diffraction in solving 3D structures -- 4.3 Electron Tomography -- 4.4 Electron Holography -- 4.5 Electron Crystallography -- 4.5.1 Other complex inorganic structures -- 4.5.2 Complex biological structures.
4.6 Electron-Energy-Loss Spectroscopy and Imaging -- 4.7 Atomic Resolution in an Environmental TEM -- 4.7.1 Atomic-scale electron microscopy at ambient pressure by exploiting the technology of microelectromechanical systems -- References -- 5. 4D Electron Imaging in Space and Time: Principles -- 5.1 Atomic-Scale Resolution in Time -- 5.1.1 Matter particle-wave duality -- 5.1.2 Analogy with light -- 5.1.3 Classical atoms: Wave packets -- 5.1.4 Paradigm case study: Two atoms -- 5.2 From Stop-Motion Photography to Ultrafast Imaging -- 5.2.1 High-speed shutters -- 5.2.2 Stroboscopy -- 5.2.3 Ultrafast techniques -- 5.2.4 Ultrafast lasers -- 5.3 Single-Electron Imaging -- 5.3.1 Coherence of ultrafast packets -- 5.3.2 The double-slit experiment revisited -- 5.3.3 Ultrafast versus fast imaging -- 5.3.4 The velocity mismatch and attosecond regime -- 5.4 4D Microscopy: Brightness, Coherence and Degeneracy -- 5.4.1 Coherence volume and degeneracy -- 5.4.2 Brightness and degeneracy -- 5.4.3 Coherence and Contrast -- 5.4.4 Contrast, dose, and resolution -- Further Reading -- References -- 6. 4D Ultrafast Electron Imaging: Developments and Applications -- 6.1 Developments at Caltech - A Brief History -- 6.2 Instruments and Techniques -- 6.3 Structure, Morphology, and Mechanics -- 6.3.1 Selected-area image (diffraction) dynamics -- 6.3.2 Dynamical morphology: Time-dependent warping -- 6.3.3 Proof of principle: Gold dynamics -- 6.3.4 Prototypical case: Graphite in 4D space -- 6.3.4.1 Atomic motions -- 6.3.4.2 Coherent resonances in diffraction: Longitudinal Young's modulus -- 6.3.4.3 Resonances in images: Longitudinal elasticity -- 6.3.4.4 Emergence of mechanical drumming: Transverse ellasticity -- 6.3.4.5 Moiré fringe dynamics -- 6.3.4.6 FEELS: Femtosecond EELS and chemical bonding -- 6.4 Selected Other Applications -- 6.4.1 Structural phase transitions.
6.4.1.1 Metal-insulator transformation -- 6.4.1.2 Transient phases of superconducting cuprates -- 6.4.2 Nucleation and crystallization phenomena -- 6.4.3 Interfaces and biological assemblies -- 6.4.3.1 Water on hydrophobic and hydrophilic substrates -- 6.4.3.2 Bilayers, phospholipids, and cells -- 6.4.4 Nanomechanical and optoelectronic systems -- 6.4.4.1 Channel gating -- 6.4.4.2 Functional cantilevers -- 6.4.4.3 Optoelectronic nanorods -- 6.4.4.4 Diffraction and materials surface charging -- 6.5 4D Convergent Beam UEM: Nanodiffraction -- 6.6 4D Near-Field UEM: Nanostructures and Plasmonics -- References -- 7. The Electron Microscope and the Synchrotron: A Comparison -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Transmission X-ray Microscopy and X-ray Microscopic Tomography -- 7.2.1 X-ray tomography of biological cells -- 7.3 Coherent X-ray Diffraction Imaging -- 7.4 Extraction of Structures from Powdered Specimens -- 7.4.1 Extraction of structures from ultramicrocrystalline specimens -- 7.4.2 Energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction -- 7.4.3 X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy -- 7.4.4 Combined X-ray absorption and X-ray diffraction for in situ studies of powdered catalysts -- 7.5 Studies of Species in Solution -- 7.6 Laue Crystallography: Static and Dynamic -- 7.7 The Perennial Problem of Radiation Damage -- 7.8 Summarizing Assessment -- References -- 8. 4D Visualization: Past, Present, and Future -- 8.1 Visualization and Complexity -- 8.2 Complexity Paradox: Coherence and Creative Chaos -- 8.3 From 2(3)D to 4D Microscopy -- 8.4 Emerging Developments -- 8.4.1 Materials science -- 8.4.2 Biological UEM -- 8.4.3 Structural dynamics: Theory and experiment -- 8.4.4 Aligned- and single-molecule imaging -- 8.4.5 Imaging with attosecond electrons -- 8.5 Epilogue -- References -- Biographical Profiles.
Abstract:
The modern electron microscope, as a result of recent revolutionary developments and many evolutionary ones, now yields a wealth of quantitative knowledge pertaining to structure, dynamics, and function barely matched by any other single scientific instrument. It is also poised to contribute much new spatially-resolved and time-resolved insights of central importance in the exploration of most aspects of condensed matter, ranging from the physical to the biological sciences. Whereas in all conventional EM methods, imaging, diffraction, and chemical analyses have been conducted in a static - time-integrated - manner, now it has become possible to unite the time domain with the spatial one, thereby creating four-dimensional (4D) electron microscopy. This advance is based on the fundamental concept of timed, coherent single-electron packets, or electron pulses, which are liberated with femtosecond durations. Structural phase transitions, mechanical deformations, and the embryonic stages of melting and crystallization are examples of phenomena that can now be imaged in unprecedented structural detail with high spatial resolution, and ten orders of magnitude as fast as hitherto. No monograph in existence attempts to cover the revolutionary dimensions that EM in its various modes of operation nowadays makes possible. The authors of this book chart these developments, and also compare the merits of coherent electron waves with those of synchrotron radiation. They judge it prudent to recall some important basic procedural and theoretical aspects of imaging and diffraction so that the reader may better comprehend the significance of the new vistas and applications now afoot. This book is not a vade mecum - numerous other texts are available for the practitioner for that purpose. It is instead an in-depth exposé of the paradigm concepts and the developed
techniques that can now be executed to gain new knowledge in the entire domain of biological and physical science, and in the four dimensions of space and time . Sample Chapter(s). Chapter 1: Historical Perspectives From Camera Obscura to 4D Imaging (6,912 KB). Contents: Historical Perspectives: From Camera Obscura to 4D Imaging; Concepts of Coherence: Optics, Diffraction, and Imaging; From 2D to 3D Structural Imaging: Salient Concepts; Applications of 2D and 3D Imaging and Related Techniques; 4D Electron Imaging in Space and Time: Principles; 4D Ultrafast Electron Imaging: Developments and Applications; The Electron Microscope and the Synchrotron: A Comparison; 4D Visualization: Past, Present, and Future. Readership: Academics and researchers in the fields of physical chemistry, chemical analysis, solid state physics, electron microscopy, scanning, tunnelling, nanoelectronics, molecular biology, molecular imaging and structural biology.
Local Note:
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2017. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.
Genre:
Added Author:
Electronic Access:
Click to View