CONTENTS -- Editors -- Reviewers -- Preface -- From IGY to eGY: The Importance of Real-Time Data in Space Physics Y. Kamide -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Before IGY -- 3. Research Style Near and During IGY -- 4. From Discoveries to Predictions -- 5. Real-Time Observations and Calculations -- 6. Issues for Future Studies -- 6.1. Global versus local -- 6.2. Macroscopic versus microscopic -- 6.3. Average configuration versus nonsteady process -- 6.4. The solar wind and the boundary condition to the magnetosphere -- 7. Conclusions -- 7.1. Space weather predictions -- 7.2. Finding yourself in the global framework -- 7.3. Test of your idea in real time -- 7.4. Output becoming input to other studies -- 7.5. Education and outreach -- Acknowledgments -- References -- A New Perspective on the Relationship Between Substorms and Magnetic Storms B. T. Tsurutani and W. D. Gonzalez -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Definition of Terms -- 2.1. What is a magnetic storm? -- 2.2. What is a substorm? -- 2.3. Are there other collective auroral and/or magnetospheric events? -- 3. Results -- 3.1. "Triggering" of substorms? -- 3.2. Are there magnetic storms without substorms? -- 3.3. Are storms without substorms different? -- 3.4. Are there other auroral macroscale events different from substorms, convection bays, and storms? -- 3.5. Are magnetic cloud-induced storms huge convection bays? -- 4. Discussion -- 5. Final Comments -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Storm-Substorm Relationship: Controversies and Recent Development T. Hori -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Substorm Injection and Enhanced Convection as an Agent of Ring Current Particle Transport -- 3. Another Role of Substorms: O+ Supply to the Ring Current -- 4. Recent Topics on the Storm-Substorm Relationship Dispute -- 4.1. Actual profile of particle transport by enhanced convection.

4.2. O+ dynamics based on the ENA observation -- 5. Summary Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Temporal Development of Dayside TEC Variations During the October 30, 2003 Superstorm: Matching Modeling to Observations O. P. Verkhoglyadova, B. T. Tsurutani and A. J. Mannucci -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Computer Simulations -- 3. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Cutoff L-Values of Solar Protons in Comparison with Ring Current Protons During a Storm: NOAA/POES Observations K. T. Asai, T. Nagatsuma, H. Shimazu, T. Hori, K. Kitamura and Y. S. Miyoshi -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Data Analysis -- 2.1. Solar proton event of August 2005 -- 2.2. NOAA data -- 2.3. Variation of cutoff L-values -- 3. Discussion -- 4. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Geomagnetic Activity and Auroras Caused by High-Speed Streams: A Review F. L. Guarnieri, B. T. Tsurutani, E. Echer and W. D. Gonzalez -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Results -- 2.1. High-speed streams and their effects on Earth -- 2.2. High-intensity long-duration continuous AE activity events -- 3. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Development of Pulsation Index for Space Weather K. Kitamura, S. Watari and M. Kunitake -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Data Analysis -- 3. Discussion and Summary -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Atmospheric Neutral Analyzer for In-Situ Neutral Mass Composition and Velocity Distribution Measurements in Ionosphere-Thermosphere Coupling Studies P. V. Amerl, E. P. King and A. W. Yau -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Instrument Design and Operation -- 2.1. Electron source -- 2.2. Radio frequency mass analyzer -- 2.3. Particle imager -- 3. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Reconstruction of Nonlinear Force-Free Fields and Solar Flare Prediction M. S. Wheatland -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Reconstructing Coronal Magnetic Fields.

2.1. Nonlinear force-free magnetic fields -- 2.2. A faster current-field iteration method -- 3. Solar Flare Prediction -- 3.1. Existing methods of flare prediction -- 3.2. Event statistics method -- 3.3. Incorporating additional information -- 4. Summary -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Solar Radio Fine Structures Detected with Super-High Temporal Resolution in Decimeter Waveband S. J. Wang, Y. Y. Liu, Y. H. Yan and Q. J. Fu -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Analysis for Events -- 2.1. October 31, 2004 -- 2.2. November 3, 2004 -- 2.3. November 6, 2004 -- 3. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Comments on the Observed Galactic Cosmic Ray Modulations in the Heliosphere H. S. Ahluwalia, A. D. Andreev, R. C. Ygbuhay, M. M. Fikani and C. Lopate -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Diurnal Modulation -- 3. Transport Parameters -- 4. Long-Term Modulations -- 5. Electric Fields in Space -- 6. Modulation Parameter BV -- 7. Median Rigidity of Detector Response -- 8. Forbush Decrease of July 1982 -- 9. Voyager 2 Data -- Acknowledgments -- References -- The Inverse Problem for Galactic Cosmic Ray Propagation in the Heliosphere Based on Neutron Monitor and Satellite Data L. Dorman -- 1. The Inverse Problem for High-Energy Galactic Cosmic Ray Propagation and Modulation in the Heliosphere on the Basis of Neutron Monitor Data -- 1.1. Hysteresis phenomenon and the inverse problem for galactic cosmic ray propagation and modulation in the Heliosphere -- 1.2. Hysteresis phenomenon and the model of CR global modulation in the frame of convection-diffusion mechanism -- 1.3. Even-odd cycle effect in CR and role of drifts for NM energies -- 1.4. The inverse problem for CR propagation and modulation during solar cycle 22 on the basis of NM data -- 1.4.1. Results for Climax NM data -- 1.4.2. Results for Kiel NM data -- 1.4.3. Results for Tyan-Shan NM data.

1.4.4. Results for Huancayo/Haleakala NM data -- 1.4.5. Main results for the inverse problem for the solar cycle 22 on the basis of NM data -- 2. The Inverse Problem for Low-Energy Galactic CR Propagation and Modulation in the Heliosphere on the Basis of Satellite Data -- 2.1. Diffusion time-lag for low-energy particles -- 2.2. Convection-diffusion modulation for low-energy galactic CR particles -- 2.3. Low-energy CR long-term variation caused by drifts -- 2.4. Satellite proton data and corrections to solar CR increases and the jump in December 1995 -- 2.5. Results for proton data obtained by IMP-8 and GOES -- 2.6. Properties of alpha-particles from satellite data -- 2.7. Results for alpha-particles in the energy interval 330-500 MeV -- 3. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Radiation Hazard from Large SEP Events for Aircraft: Monitoring and Forecasting by Using On-Line One-Min Cosmic Ray Data L. Dorman -- 1. The Basis of the Problem -- 2. The Method to Automatically Search for the Start of Great SEP Events -- 3. The Probability of False Alarms -- 4. The Probability of Missed Triggers -- 5. On-Line SEP Spectrum Determination from Single Observatory Data -- 5.1. Coupling functions method -- 5.2. The case of magnetically quiet periods -- 5.3. The case of magnetically disturbed periods -- 6. On-Line SEP Spectrum Determination from Data of Two or More Observatories During Magnetically Disturbed Periods -- 7. On-Line Determination of the Time of Ejection, Diffusion Coefficient, and SEP Spectrum at the Source -- 8. Checking the Model by Calculations of Expected Diffusion Coefficient -- 9. The Case when the Diffusion Coefficient Increases with Distance from the Sun -- 10. SEP Forecasting by Using only NM Data -- 11. SEP Forecasting by the On-Line Use of Both NM and Satellite Data.

12. On the Connection of SEP Fluxes with Differential and Integral Radiation Doses Inside Aircraft -- 13. Alerts in Cases when SEP Events are Expected to be Dangerous -- 14. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Monitoring and Forecasting of Radiation Hazard for Aircraft from Galactic Cosmic Rays L. Dorman -- 1. The Method -- 2. Hysteresis Phenomenon and Model of Cosmic Ray Global Modulation -- 3. Dimension of the Modulation Region Near Solar Minimum 1994-1996 -- 4. Estimation of Correlation and Regression Coefficients -- 5. Cosmic Ray Intensity Outside the Heliosphere -- 6. Prediction of Cosmic Ray Variations by Integral F Near SA Minimum -- 7. Forecasting CR Intensity During the Periods of Increasing SA -- 8. On the Relative Role of Drift Modulation in Minima and Maxima of Solar Activity on the Basis of Data for 1953-2000 -- 9. On the Connection of Galactic CR Intensity with Differential and Integral Radiation Doses Inside Aircraft -- 10. Main Factors Determining the Variation of Di.erential Radiation Dose with Time -- 11. Analytical Presentation of Radiation Dose Coupling Functions for Aircraft -- 12. Monitoring and Forecasting of Radiation Dose Inside the Aircraft -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Comparative Measurements of Cosmic Radiation Monitors for Aircrew Exposure Assessment I. L. Getley, L. G. I. Bennett, M. L. Boudreau, B. J. Lewis, A. R. Green, A. Butler, M. Takada and T. Nakamura -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Equipment -- 3. Comparison of Compact Spectrometers, Dosimeters, and Codes -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Modeling of Aircrew Radiation Exposure from Galactic Cosmic Rays and Solar Particle Events M. Takada, B. J. Lewis, M. Boudreau, H. Al Anid and L. G. I. Bennett -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Model Development -- 2.1. Ambient dose rate as a function of altitude and solar modulation.

2.2. Revised solar modulation model.