Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1 Bioinspired Nanocomposites for Orthopedic Applications Huinan Liu and Thomas J. Webster -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basic Science of Bone -- 2.1. Bone Is a Nanostructured Composite -- 2.1.1. Organic Phase: Collagen Nanofibers and Noncollagenous Proteins -- 2.1.2. Inorganic Phase: Hydroxyapatite Nanocrystals -- 2.2. Microstructure and Macrostructure of Bone -- 2.3. Mechanical Properties of Bone -- 2.4. Bone Remodeling and Bone Cells -- 2.4.1. Osteoblasts -- 2.4.2. Osteocytes -- 2.4.3. Osteoclasts -- 3. Problems of Current Bone Substitutes -- 3.1. Autografts -- 3.2. Allografts and Xenografts -- 3.3. Metal and Metal Alloys -- 4. Bone Tissue Engineering: Promises and Challenges -- 4.1. Essential Requirements for Bone Scaffolds -- 4.1.1. Biocompatibility -- 4.1.2. Biodegradability -- 4.1.3. Mechanical Properties -- 4.1.4. Surface Properties -- 4.1.5. Osteoinductivity -- 4.1.6. Interconnected Three-Dimensional Structures -- 4.1.7. Feasible Fabrication Techniques and Sterilizability -- 4.2. The Choices of Materials for Bone Scaffolds -- 4.2.1. Biodegradable Polymers -- 4.2.2. Bioactive Ceramics -- 4.2.3. Ceramic/Polymer Biocomposites -- 5. Nanocomposites: Next-Generation Materials in Orthopedics -- 5.1. Rationale and Evidence -- 5.2. Fabrication Techniques of Biocomposite Scaffolds -- 5.2.1. Solvent-Casting/Particulate-Leaching -- 5.2.2. Gas-Foaming/Particulate-Leaching -- 5.2.3. Phase Separation and Emulsion Freeze Drying -- 5.2.4. Fiber Meshes/Fiber Bonding -- 5.2.5. Melt Molding -- 5.2.6. Freeze Drying and Cross-linking -- 5.2.7. Rapid Prototyping Techniques -- 5.3. Future Directions in Orthopedics -- Bibliography -- Chapter 2 Nanomaterials for Better Orthopedics Ganesan Balasundaram -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Skeletal Complications: Osteoporosis and Bone Fracture.

3. Need for Better Implantation Materials for Orthopedic Application -- 3.1. Cell Recognition of Implant Surfaces -- 3.2. Chemistry -- 3.3. Topography -- 4. A New Approach: Nanophase Orthopedic Materials -- 4.1. Benefits of Nanophase Bone Implant Materials -- 4.2. Wettability -- 4.3. Surface Roughness -- 5. Influence of Nanomaterials Functionalized with Cell Adhesive Peptides on Osteoblast Functions -- 6. Future Challenges -- Bibliography -- Chapter 3 Anodization: A Promising Nano-modification Technique for Titanium for Orthopedic Applications Chang Yao and Thomas J. Webster -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Anodization of Titanium -- 2.1. Basics of Anodization Process -- 2.2. Influences of Processing Parameters -- 2.3. Creation of Micron-Rough Surface -- 2.4. Creation of Nano-roughness -- 2.5. Control of Chemical Composition -- 3. Structure and Properties of Anodized Oxide Film -- 3.1. Structure -- 3.2. Corrosion Resistance and Adhesive Strength -- 3.3. Biological Properties of Anodized Titanium -- 3.3.1. In vitro Studies -- 3.3.2. Mechanisms of Increased Osteoblast Function -- 3.3.3. In vivo Studies -- 4. Future Directions -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Chapter 4 Bio-inspired Carbon Nano-structures: Orthopedic Applications Dongwoo Khang -- 1. Fundamentals of Protein Adsorption and Surface Properties -- 1.1. Adhesion Protein -- 1.2. Polar and Apolar Properties of Proteins -- 1.3. Osteoblasts -- 1.4. Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon Nanotube Composites -- 1.5. Cytocompatibility of Carbon Nanotube Composites -- 1.6. Analysis of Nano-surface Roughness -- 1.7. Role of Nano-surface Energy -- 1.8. Detecting Protein Adsorption -- 2. Protein Assisted Osteoblast Adhesion on Nanophase Materials -- 2.1. Osteoblast Functions on Carbon Nanotube Composite Materials -- 2.2. Fibronectin Attached AFM Tip Interactions on Carbon Nanotube Composite Surfaces.

2.3. Osteoblast Functions on Micro-patterning of Carbon Nanotubes on Bio-polymers -- 3. Conclusions and Summary -- Bibliography -- Chapter 5 Applications of Nanotechnology/Nanomaterials in the Nervous System Peishan Liu-Snyder -- 1. Anatomy, Physiology and Molecular Biology of the Nervous System -- 2. Epidemiology, Etiology and Pathophysiologies of Neurological Disorders -- 2.1. Spinal Cord Injury -- 2.2. Alzheimer's Disease -- 2.3. Multiple Sclerosis -- 3. Current Clinical Therapies and Limitations -- 3.1. Approved Treatments of SCI and Ongoing Human Clinical Trials -- 3.2. Pharmacological Treatments of Alzheimer's Disease and Ongoing Human Clinical Trials -- 3.3. Pharmacological Treatments of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Ongoing Human Clinical Trials -- 4. Application of Nanotechnology on the Development of Novel Drug and Cell Delivery Systems for the Nervous System -- 4.1. Conventional Drug Delivery Systems and Their Limitations -- 4.2. Advances of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery Systems -- 4.3. Nano-based Matrix for Stem Cell Delivery -- 4.4. Medical Imaging with Nanotechnology for Early Detection and Evaluation of Treatment -- 5. Applications of Nanotechnologies in Electronic Tissue Interface Devices -- 5.1. Cochlear Implant (Bionic Ear) -- 5.2. Visual Prosthesis (Bionic Eye) -- 5.3. Computer Brain Interface (BrainGate Technology) -- 5.4. Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) -- 5.5. Memory and Cognitive Functions -- 5.6. Oscillating Field Stimulator (OFS) -- 6. How Can Nanotechnology Improve Performance of Electronic Tissue Interface Devices? -- 7. Future Directions and Considerations -- Bibliography -- Chapter 6 Vascular Nano Stents Karen M. Haberstroh -- 1. Physiology of the Vascular System -- 1.1. Structure and Function of the Arterial System -- 1.2. Components of the Artery Wall -- 1.3. Cells of the Vascular System.

1.3.1. Vascular Endothelial Cells -- 1.3.2. Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells -- 1.3.3. Vascular Fibroblasts -- 1.3.4. Blood Cells -- 2. Atherosclerosis: A Cardiovascular Disease -- 2.1. The Cellular Progression of Atherosclerosis -- 3. Treatments for Vascular Disease -- 3.1. Balloon Angioplasty -- 3.2. Vascular Stents -- 3.2.1. The Use of Nano-structured Biomaterials in Vascular Stent Applications -- 3.2.2. Problems with Current Stent Designs -- 3.2.3. Stent Wear Debris -- 4. Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Chapter 7 Nanoparticles: Determining Toxicity Ezharul Hoque Chowdhury and Toshihiro Akaike -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Strategies for Biocompatibility Testing -- 2.1. Cytotoxicity -- 2.2. Sensitization, Irritation and Intracutaneous Reactivity -- 2.3. Acute Systemic Toxicity -- 2.4. Genotoxicity -- 2.5. Implantation -- 2.6. Hemacompatibility -- 2.7. Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity -- 2.8. Carcinogenicity -- 2.9. Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity -- 2.10. Biodegradation -- 2.11. Immune Responses -- 3. Route of Entry and Biokinetics of Nanoparticles -- 3.1. Respiratory Tract -- 3.1.1. Alveolar Macrophage-Mediated Clearance -- 3.1.2. Translocation across Epithelial and Endothelial Cell Layers -- 3.1.3. Neural Uptake and Translocation -- 3.2. Exposure via GI Tract and Skin -- 3.3. Injection Route -- 4. Biological Adverse Effects of Nanoparticles -- 4.1. Pulmonary Effects of Nanoparticles -- 4.1.1. Pulmonary Inflammation -- 4.1.2. Pulmonary Carcinogenicity -- 4.2. Systemic Effects of Nanoparticles -- 4.3. Differences in Toxicity between Nanoparticles of Different Materials -- 4.3.1. Particle Surface Activity -- 4.3.2. Particle Agglomeration/Disagglomeration -- 5. Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Chapter 8 Nanoparticles: Effects on Human Health and the Environment Myung-Haing Cho and Jin-Kyu Lee -- 1. Hopes and Concerns about Nanotechnology.

2. Possible Adverse Health, Environment, and Safety Impacts -- 3. How to Evaluate the Toxicity of Nanoparticles? -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Index.