The Spatial Language of Time -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Epigraph -- Dedication page -- Table of contents -- List of diagrams -- List of tables -- Abbreviations and special symbols -- Transcription conventions -- Acknowledgments -- I. Temporal metaphor and ego's perspective -- 1. Introduction: Talking about time as if it were space -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Overview -- 1.3 Time itself -- 1.4 Conceptual metaphor theory -- 1.4.1 Metaphors as conceptual correspondences (mappings) -- 1.4.2 Using Wolof data -- 1.4.3 Moving Ego and Ego-centered Moving Time -- 1.4.4 Conceptual frames -- 1.4.5 Crosslinguistic interest -- 1.5 Mappings between distinct concepts -- 1.6 Organization of the book -- 1.7 About the Wolof data -- 2. The deictic nature of Moving Ego and Ego-centered Moving Time expressions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The indexical ground and decentering -- 2.3 Summary -- 3. The experiential bases (grounding, motivation) of Moving Ego and Ego-centered Moving Time -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Psychological reality -- 3.3 Experiential bases -- 3.3.1 The experiential basis of Moving Ego -- 3.3.2 The experiential basis of Ego-centered Moving Time -- 3.3.2.1 Experimental support -- 3.3.2.2 The paradox of moving from later to earlier -- 3.3.2.3 The expectation of arrival here frame -- 3.3.2.4 Application to Moving Ego -- 3.4 Motivation -- 3.5 Summary -- 4. From earlier to later -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Now is a Mover -- 4.3 A situation is a Mover -- 4.4 The Purposeful Activity metaphor -- 4.5 Summary and conclusions -- 5. Frame of reference and alternate construals of ego-centered time -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Moving Ego, Ego-centered Moving Time, and frame-relative fictive motion -- 5.3 Figure-Ground role reversal, Moving-ego/Ego-centered moving-time, and factive/fictive motion.

5.4 A path-configured ego-perspective frame of reference -- 5.5 A path-configured Mover-based frame of reference -- 5.6 Summary and conclusions -- II. Perspectival neutrality -- 6. A field-based frame of reference -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Sequence is relative position on a path -- 6.2.1 Distinguishing sequence is relative position on a path from Ego-centered Moving Time -- 6.2.2 The experiential basis of sequence is relative position on a path -- 6.3 The psychological present -- 6.4 Summary and conclusions -- 7. The psychological reality of sequence is relative position on a path -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Work by Núñez, Motz, & Teuscher (2005) -- 7.3 Other experimental work -- 8. Illustrating the field-based/ego-perspective contrast: The case of sequence is relative position -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Verticality and sequence is relative position in a stack -- 8.3 Sequence is relative position in a stack: Motivation and structure -- 8.4 Conclusions: Ego-perspective vs. field-based frames of reference -- 9. Space-to-time metonymy -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The existence of space-to-time metonymy -- 9.3 A metonymy to metaphor continuum -- 9.4 Metonymy, metaphor, and frames -- 9.5 Indexical metonymy and material anchors -- 9.6 Summary and conclusions -- III. The temporal semantics of IN-FRONT and BEHIND -- 10. The contrasting front/behind schemas of sequence is relative position on a path and Moving Ego -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The front/behind axis and sequence is relative position on a path -- 10.2.1 The English word before -- 10.2.2 The English word after -- 10.2.3 Earlier as front in present day English -- 10.3 Deixis and deictic neutrality -- 10.3.1 Front and behind in Japanese and Wolof -- 10.3.1.1 The Japanese noun mae 'front, space in-front/ahead' -- 10.3.1.2 The Wolof noun kanam 'face, front, space in-front/ahead'.

10.3.1.3 The Japanese noun ato 'space behind a moving entity' -- 10.3.1.4 The Wolof noun gannaaw 'back, behind' -- 10.3.2 The deictic neutrality of temporal mae and ato -- 10.4 Contrasting front/behind schemas: Perceptive-interactive and derived -- 10.5 Summary and conclusions -- 11. The crosslinguistic pairing of in-front and behind with 'earlier' and 'later' -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The tendency of unmarked coding of in-front/behind expressions of sequence -- 11.3 Data relevant to the Tendency of Unmarked Coding of in-front/behind expressions of sequence -- 11.3.1 Examples and counterexamples for the tendency of unmarked coding -- 11.3.2 Evidence for the tendency of unmarked coding of in-front/behind expressions of sequence -- 11.3.3 Crosslinguistic availability of the grounding scenario -- 11.4 Summary and conclusions -- 12. The alignment of ego with a field-based frame of reference -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Future behind and past in-front -- 12.3 Future behind and past in-front in Aymara -- 12.4 Frames of reference -- 12.5 Sequence is relative position on a path as a static system -- 12.5.1 Sequence is relative position on a path in Aymara -- 12.5.2 The Aymara Ego-RP metaphor is a version of sequence is relative position on a path -- 12.6 A spatial field-based frame of reference in Aymara -- 12.6.1 The day orientation frame -- 12.6.2 Do we still need ordered motion? -- 12.7 east='earlier'/west='later' temporal orientation -- 12.8 Knowledge is vision and sequence is relative position on a path in Aymara -- 12.9 Conclusions -- 13. When back is not the opposite of front: A temporal relative frame of reference in Wolof -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Background: gannaaw 'back' is not a regular word for 'after' -- 13.3 The relative strategy and the structure of 'later than' gannaaw -- 13.3.1 The reflection relative strategy in time.

13.3.2 The Ego-opposed temporal metaphor -- 13.3.3 Deictic uses of the Ego-opposed temporal metaphor -- 13.4 Summary and conclusions -- 14. The Ego-opposed temporal metaphor and contexts of shared perspective -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Space and the conceptual structure of 'later than' gannaaw 'back' -- 14.3 Contexts of shared perspective and the range of 'later than' uses of gannaaw -- 14.3.1 Accessibility -- 14.3.1.1 Accessibility that correlates with particular constructions -- 14.3.1.2 The gannaaw-plus-Anterior construction -- 14.3.1.3 Text-count data -- 14.3.1.4 Topicality -- 14.3.2 Other motivations for contexts of shared perspective: Mini-narratives and positional times -- 14.3.2.1 Mini-narratives -- 14.3.2.2 Positional times in the role of Ground of gannaaw and culturally shared perspective -- 14.3.3 Summary: Contexts of shared perspective -- 14.4 Linguistic analogy as a motivation for using gannaaw to mean 'later than' -- 14.5 Summary and conclusions -- 15. Modes of construal of front and behind -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Previous work on perspective in temporal metaphor -- 15.3 The reflection relative strategy in temporal determination -- 15.4 The translation strategy and positional times -- 15.5 Contexts of culturally shared perspective -- 15.5.1 Hill's data on variation in front/back construals -- 15.5.2 Variation within Wolof -- 15.5.3 The translation strategy as a possibility -- 15.5.4 Taking stock of the ways front and behind can have temporal significance in Wolof -- 15.5.5 Taking stock of where we stand regarding language and conceptualization -- 15.6 Ways of construing front -- 15.7 Summary and conclusions -- 16. In search of primary metaphors of time -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Components of Moving Ego and Ego-centered Moving Time -- 16.3 Summary and conclusions -- IV. Location without translational motion.

17. Expressions of static temporal "location" -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Times are locations -- 17.3 The experiential basis of times are locations -- 17.4 Event Structure metaphors -- 17.5 A temporal analogue to pattern-path fictive motion -- 17.6 Summary and conclusions -- 18. Beyond metaphor and metonymy: Mental spaces and conceptual integration -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 The theory of conceptual integration ("blending") -- 18.3 Blending and inferences -- 18.4 Opportunistic mixing and matching -- 18.5 Metonymy within metaphor -- 18.6 Summary -- 19. Other-centered Moving Time and Wolof fekk 'become co-located with' -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Other-centered Moving Time -- 19.3 Motivation and mapping -- 19.3.1 The fekk frame -- 19.3.2 Experiential basis and mapping -- 19.4 Source-Frame lexicon and point of view in the ñów/fekk contrast -- 19.5 Source-Frame lexicon and a contrast in use between Wolof and English -- 19.6 Linguistic relativity -- 19.7 Language structure and Other-centered Moving Time -- 19.7.1 Unmarked coding -- 19.7.2 Animacy and the semantic arguments of fekk and find -- 19.7.3 The temporal semantics of fekk -- 19.7.4 Preliminary summary and conclusions -- 19.8 The relationship between source frame and target frame -- 19.8.1 Figure-Ground organization of source frame and target frame -- 19.8.2 The details of the mapping -- 19.8.2.1 Fekk predications as conceptual blends -- 19.8.2.2 Summary -- 19.9 Summary and conclusions -- 20. Times as bounded regions -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Linear regions on a path -- 20.3 Dividing up a period of time -- 20.4 Time as room (in which things can happen) -- 20.5 Summary and conclusions -- V. Fundamentally different temporal concepts -- 21. Having and wasting Wolof counterparts of time -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 A brief survey of jot 'time' -- 21.2.1 Jot the content verb.

21.2.2 The auxiliary jot.