Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- Chapter 1 Bureaucracy before October -- 1.1 Evolving Meanings of Bureaucracy -- 1.2 Bureaucracy in Russia -- 1.3 Marx and Engels on Bureaucracy -- 1.3.1 The Young Marx on Bureaucracy -- 1.3.2 The Class State and Political Alienation -- 1.3.3 Engels on the Origin of the State -- 1.3.4 Bonapartism -- 1.3.5 Proletarian Dictatorship and the End of Bureaucracy -- 1.4 After Marx and Engels -- 1.4.1 The Socialist Movement and Post-Revolutionary Bureaucracy -- 1.4.2 The State and Revolution -- 1.5 Conclusion -- Chapter 2 Revolution and the Problems of Bureaucracy -- 2.1 The Dream Deferred -- 2.2 The Oppositions and Political Alienation -- 2.3 Lenin on Political Alienation and Inefficiency -- 2.4 Trotsky and Bureaucratic Inefficiency -- 2.4.1 Bureaucratic Obstructionism -- 2.4.2 Bureaucratic Work Habits, Attitudes, and Incompetence -- 2.4.3 Glavkokratiia -- 2.4.4 Party Bureaucratism and Glavkokratic Inefficiency -- 2.5 Conclusion -- Chapter 3 From Inefficiency to Political Alienation -- 3.1 Conflicts within the Party Leadership -- 3.2 Inefficiency and Political Alienation -- 3.3 The New Course Controversy -- 3.4 Trotsky and the New Course -- 3.5 Political Defeat and Theoretical Retreat -- 3.6 Conclusion -- Chapter 4 A Coherent Theory of Bureaucracy -- 4.1 The Formation of the United Opposition -- 4.2 The Struggle of the United Opposition -- 4.3 Trotsky and the Opposition on Bureaucratism -- 4.3.1 The Conception of Bureaucracy -- 4.3.2 Characteristics: Composition, Policies, and Doctrines -- 4.3.3 Causes of Bureaucratism -- 4.3.4 The Danger of Thermidor -- 4.3.5 Characteristics: Political Divisions -- 4.3.6 The Struggle Against Bureaucratism and Thermidor -- 4.4 On the Eve of Thermidor -- 4.5 Conclusion -- Chapter 5 Left Turn and Theoretical Crisis -- 5.1 The Beginning of the Turn -- 5.2 Explaining the Turn.

5.3 The Stalinist Offensive -- 5.4 Explaining the Offensive -- 5.5 Defeating the Right and Continuing the Turn -- 5.6 Explaining the New Turn -- 5.7 Revising the Theory -- 5.7.1 Conception -- 5.7.2 Causes -- 5.7.3 Characteristics -- 5.7.4 Consequences -- 5.7.5 Cure -- 5.8 Conclusion -- Chapter 6 The Turn and the Theoretical Crisis Deepen -- 6.1 Economic Upheaval -- 6.1.1 The Soviet Industrial Revolution -- 6.1.2 Mass Collectivisation and Dekulakisation -- 6.2 Trotsky's Response to the Turn -- 6.2.1 Trotsky's Critique of the Turn -- 6.2.2 Analysing the Turn -- 6.3 The Left Course in the Comintern -- 6.4 Trotsky and the Comintern's New Strategy -- 6.4.1 Criticising Comintern Policy from the 'Right' -- 6.4.2 Trotsky's Analysis of the Third Period Strategy -- 6.5 Developments in the Party Regime -- 6.6 Trotsky and the Regime -- 6.6.1 Trotsky's Critique of Developments in the Party Regime -- 6.6.2 Trotsky's Analysis of Developments in the Regime -- 6.7 Modifying the Theory -- 6.7.1 Conception of Bureaucracy -- 6.7.2 Causes of the Growth of Bureaucratic Power -- 6.7.3 Characteristics -- 6.7.4 Consequences -- 6.7.5 Cure -- 6.8 Conclusion -- Chapter 7 Theoretical Revolution -- 7.1 Breaking with the Past -- 7.2 Revising the Theory -- 7.3 New Policy Shifts -- 7.3.1 Economic Retreat and Recovery -- 7.3.2 The Turn in France -- 7.3.3 Shifts in Foreign Policy -- 7.3.4 Developments in the Party Regime -- 7.4 The Kirov Assassination -- 7.5 Reinterpreting Bonapartism and Thermidor -- 7.6 Deeper Shifts, Repression, and a Constitution -- 7.6.1 New Initiatives in Economic Policy -- 7.6.2 Further Shifts in International Policy -- 7.6.3 Repression, Party Purges, and a New Constitution -- 7.7 Conclusion -- Chapter 8 The Final Theory -- 8.1 The Revolution Betrayed -- 8.1.1 Context and Conception -- 8.1.2 Causes -- 8.1.3 Characteristics: Size, Privileges, Consciousness.

8.1.4 Characteristics: Policies -- 8.1.5 Consequences -- 8.1.6 Cure -- 8.2 Applying the Theory -- 8.2.1 The Trials and the Terror -- 8.2.2 Trotsky's Response -- 8.2.3 Trotsky's Analysis of the Repression -- 8.3 Conclusion -- Chapter 9 Reconsidering Trotsky's Theory -- 9.1 The Development of Trotsky's Views -- 9.2 Evaluating the Theory -- 9.2.1 Conception -- 9.2.2 Cause -- 9.2.3 Characteristics -- 9.2.4 Consequences -- 9.2.5 Cure -- Bibliography -- Index.