Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Endoderm Development: From Progenitors to Organ Buds -- Introduction -- Emergence of the Progenitor Population -- Allocation of the Endoderm Progenitors -- Regionalization of Cell Fates -- Establishment and Maintenance of the Epithelial Endoderm Layer -- Morphogenesis of the Embryonic Gut -- Signaling Activities Controlling Endoderm Formation -- Regionalization of the Embryonic Gut -- Patterning in the Anterior-Posterior Axis -- Patterning in the Dorsal-Ventral Dimension -- Laterality of the Gut Tube -- Formation of the Organ Primordia -- Initiation of Organ Budding -- Organ-Specific Developmental Features -- Relevance of the Embryology of the Gut to Clinical Conditions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Genetic and Cellular Mechanisms Regulating Esophageal Development -- Introduction -- Initial Specification of the Esophagus from the Anterior Foregut -- Evolving Models for Anterior Foregut Separation -- Dorsal-Ventral Patterning of the Transcription Factors Sox2 and Nkx2.1 in the Anterior Foregut -- Signaling Pathways Regulating the Separation of the Esophagus from the Early Foregut -- Retinoic Acid (RA) Signaling -- Morphogenesis of the Esophagus After Separation from the Foregut Endoderm -- Transcription Factors and Signaling Pathways That Regulate the Transformation of Esophageal Epithelium -- Development of Esophageal Muscle Cells -- Future Questions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 Congenital and Acquired Diseases of the Esophagus -- Introduction -- Esophageal atresia (EA) -- Genes Implicated in EA-TEF and Esophageal Development -- Prenatal Diagnosis of TA-TEF -- Clinical Presentation of TA-TEF -- Treatment of EA-TEF -- Prognosis of EA-TEF -- Barrett's Esophagus (BE) -- Pathophysiology of BE.

Clinical Presentation of BE -- Diagnosis of BE -- Screening and Surveillance for BE -- Treatment of BE -- Biomarkers to Supplement Histology -- Achalasia -- Pathophysiology -- Etiology -- Clinical Presentation -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Future Questions -- References -- Chapter 4 Basic Science of Stomach Development -- Introduction -- Foregut Specification and Regionalization -- Stomach Specification and Proximal-Distal Patterning -- Developmental Signaling in Stomach Growth, Morphogenesis, and the Radial Axis -- Stomach Differentiation -- Stomach Stem Cells -- Clonality of Gastric Epithelial Glands -- Gastric Homeostasis as an Extension of Stomach Development -- Future Questions -- References -- Chapter 5 Congenital and Acquired Diseases of the Stomach -- Introduction -- Congenital Clinical Disorders -- Gastric Atresia -- Gastric Volvulus -- Congenital Microgastria -- Gastric Diverticulum -- Gastric Duplication Cysts -- Teratomas -- Motility -- Adult/Acquired Clinical Disorders -- Surface Pit Cells -- Enteroendocrine Cells -- Parietal Cells -- Zymogenic (Chief) Cells -- Future Questions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 The Pylorus: Development and Disease -- Introduction -- Pyloric Morphology -- Pyloric Pathologies -- Duodenogastric Reflux -- Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis -- Ontogeny of the Pyloric Region -- Patterning and Specification of Pyloric Epithelium and Mesenchyme -- Molecular Networks Required for Pyloric Development -- Future Questions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7 Basic Science of Small Intestinal Development -- Introduction -- Architecture of the Small Intestine -- Morphogenesis of the Early Small Intestine -- Anterior-Posterior patterning of the Gut Tube During Development -- CDX2 and intestinal specification along the A-P axis -- Intestinal Elongation -- Intestinal Rotation and Looping.

Hedgehog Signaling in Intestinal Smooth Muscle Development -- Epithelial Morphogenesis of the Small Intestine -- Villus-Crypt Morphogenesis -- Cytodifferentiation of the Small Intestinal Epithelium -- Future Questions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Webliography -- Chapter 8 Clinical Small Intestine -- Introduction -- The Adaptive Response -- Causes and Mechanisms of Intestinal Failure -- Atresias -- Gastroschisis -- Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) -- Malrotation and Volvulus -- Congenital Short Bowel Syndrome -- Medical and Nonsurgical Conditions of the Small Bowel -- Pseudo-Obstruction and Motility Disorders -- Irritable Bowel Syndrome -- Celiac Disease -- Enteropathies -- Therapies -- Parenteral Nutrition and Humoral Factors -- Biomarkers and Enteral Support -- Surgical Treatment of SBS -- Reconstruction of the GI Tract -- Future Questions -- References -- Chapter 9 Basic Science of Colon Development -- Introduction -- Gross Morphological Patterning of the Colon -- Early Development and Components of the Primitive Gut Tube -- Rotational Events in the Primitive Midgut and Positioning of the Colon -- Formation of Cecal Primordium -- Formation of Urogenital Sinus and Anorectum -- Formation of the Enteric Nervous System (ENS) -- Histogenesis of the Intestinal Tract -- Histogenesis Along the Anteroposterior axis -- Histogenesis Along the Radial Axis -- Renewal of the Colonic Epithelium and Formation of the Stem Cell Pool -- Future Questions -- References -- Chapter 10 Congenital and Acquired Diseases of the Colon -- Introduction -- Congenital Diseases -- Cloacal Anomalies -- Anorectal Atresia -- Hirschsprung Disease -- Acquired Diseases -- Necrotizing Enterocolitis -- Inflammatory Bowel Disease -- Adenocarcinoma -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11 Intestinal Serosa -- Introduction -- Adult Serosa: Structure and Function.

Development of the Mesothelium -- Mesothelial Origin and Lineages -- Induction of Mesothelial Development -- Signaling Functions of the Mesothelium -- Repair, Regeneration, and Stem Cells -- Intestinal Regeneration in the Sea Cucumber and Newt -- Mammalian Mesothelium in Regeneration and Healing -- Pathologies Involving the Intestinal Mesothelium -- Adhesions -- Peritoneal Sclerosis -- Intestinal Atresia -- Future Questions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12 Basic Science of Liver Development -- Introduction -- The Onset of Liver Development -- Specification of the Hepatic Parenchymal Cell Lineage -- Transcriptional Control During Hepatic Progenitor Cell Formation -- Maturation of Hepatic Parenchymal Cells -- Development of the Biliary Tree -- Development of Stromal Cells of the Liver -- Future Questions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 13 Congenital and Acquired Diseases of the Liver -- Introduction -- Structure and Function of the Adult Liver -- Anatomic and Structural Defects of the Liver -- Diseases Associated with Disordered Development of the Biliary System -- Functional Defects of the Liver -- Mechanisms of Hepatocyte Dysfunction -- Metabolic Liver Disease -- Acquired Hepatic Dysfunction and Liver Regeneration -- Future Questions -- References -- Chapter 14 Developmental Biology of the Pancreas -- Introduction -- Pancreas Development and Disease -- Morphological Gene Expression and Lineage Transitions in the Developing Pancreas -- Multifaceted Roles of Transcription Factors in Pancreas Development -- Pancreatic and Duodenal Homeobox 1-Pdx1 -- Pancreas-Specific Transcription Factor 1a-Ptf1a -- SRY (Sex Determining Region Y)-box 9-Sox9 -- Neurogenin-3-Neurog3 -- Cell-Cell Signals Controlling Pancreas Differentiation and Morphogenesis -- Does the Pancreas Respond to Injury Via "Development-like" Pathways?.

Future Questions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 15 Congenital Disorders of the Pancreas -- Introduction -- Congenital Disorders of the Pancreas -- Disorders of Pancreatic Development -- Genetic Syndromes with Pancreatic Pathology -- Isolated Enzyme Defects of the Pancreas -- Acquired Diseases of the Pancreas -- Acute Pancreatitis -- Chronic Pancreatitis -- Future Questions -- References -- Chapter 16 Enteric Nervous System Development -- Introduction -- Developmental Processes in Formation of Enteric Ganglia -- Milestones During Migration of Enteric Progenitors -- Gene Networks and Interactions in ENS Development -- RET Pathway -- Endothelin Pathway -- SOX10 -- Sonic Hedgehog Pathway -- Transcription Factors in Enteric NC Development -- Genetic Interactions Between Genes in ENS Development -- Lineage Divergence in the ENS: An Open Avenue -- Ganglia Connections and Patterning -- Stem Cells that Form and Regenerate the ENS -- Future Questions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 17 Congenital and Acquired Disorders of the Enteric Nervous System -- Introduction -- Esophagus -- Achalasia -- Stomach -- Gastroparesis -- Small Bowel -- Chronic Intestinal Pseudoobstruction Syndrome (CIPO) -- Gastroschisis -- Intestinal Atresia -- Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) -- Colon -- Hirschsprung Disease (HSCR) -- Future Questions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 18 Gut Development in the Sea Urchin -- Introduction (Sea Urchin as a Model System) -- Gut Morphogenesis in the Sea Urchin -- Specification of Sea Urchin Gut Lineage -- Endomesoderm Gene Regulatory Network (GRN) -- What the GRN Tells Us: Regulatory States Within the Gut -- The Cell Biology Controlling Gut Morphogenesis -- Primary Invagination: Initial Inbending of the Archenteron -- Secondary Invagination: Elongation Phase of the Archenteron.

Tertiary Invagination: Adding Additional Cells to the Gut.