Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Part I: Foundations for Statistical Thinking -- Chapter 1: Introduction: The Role of Statistics in Research and Clinical Practice -- References -- Chapter 2: Properties of Variables: Levels of Measurement -- Levels of Measurement -- Statistics and Levels of Measurement -- Summary -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 3: Descriptive Univariate Statistics -- The Frequency Distribution -- Measures of Central Tendency -- Measures of Dispersion -- Measures of the Shape of Frequency Distributions -- Summary -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 4: Probabilities -- Probability -- Summary -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 5: Logic of Statistical Inference: The Sampling Distribution and Significance Tests -- Statistical Inference After Random Sampling or Random Assignment -- The Sampling Distribution -- The Normal Distribution -- Significance Testing -- Trade-Offs Between Type I and Type II Errors -- Summary -- Exercises -- Reference -- Chapter 6: Standard Errors, Confidence Intervals, and the Power of Statistical Tests -- Standard Error of the Mean (SEM) -- Drawing Inferences About Population Parameters: Confidence Intervals -- Relationships Among CIs, Sample Sizes, and Standard Errors -- Effect Sizes and Statistical Power -- Power Analysis and Sample Size -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 7: Research Designs and Statistical Analysis -- Intervention Versus Observational Studies -- Analysis of Correlated and Uncorrelated Data -- Sampling Designs -- Sources of Randomness in Health Care Research -- Summary -- Exercises -- References -- Part II: Models for Continuous/Interval-Level Outcome Measures -- Chapter 8: t-Test -- Varieties of t-Test -- The One-Sample t-Test -- The Independent-Sample t-Test -- The Paired-Sample t-Test -- Summary -- Exercises -- References.

Chapter 9: One-Way Analysis of Variance -- One-Way Anova With Multiple Groups -- Multiple Comparisons and the Appropriate Significance-Level Criterion -- Summary -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 10: Linear Regression and Pearson's r Correlation -- The Anova Approach to Linear Regression -- Assumptions of the Linear Regression Model -- Linear Regression With Categorical Predictor Variables -- Extension of the Linear Regression Model: Modified Functional Shapes -- Pearson's r Correlation -- Summary -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 11: Factorial Analysis of Variance and Analysis of Covariance -- Factorial ANOVA -- General Interpretation of Interaction Effects -- Decomposition of Variance in Factorial ANOVA With Orthogonal/Balanced Designs -- Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) -- Assumptions of ANOVA and ANCOVA -- Summary -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 12: Multiple Linear Regression -- General Form of the Multiple Linear Regression Model -- Empirical Example of a Multiple Linear Regression Analysis -- Interpreting a Linear Regression Equation -- Confounding and Decomposition of Variance in Data From Observational Studies -- Confounding and Multicollinearity -- A Note on Confounding and Standardized Regression Coefficients -- Interactions in Multiple Regression Models -- Checking the Assumptions of the Model -- Summary -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 13: Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance -- The ANCOVA Approach to Analyzing Data From Pretest/Posttest Study Designs -- Repeated-Measures ANOVA -- Attrition and its Effects on Statistical Tests -- Summary -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 14: Introduction to Mixed-Effects Regression Models -- Summary -- References -- Part III: Models for Categorical Outcome Measures -- Chapter 15: Nonparametric/Ordinal Statistics -- The Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test and the Mann-Whitney U Test.

The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test -- The Sign Test -- Kruskal-Wallis Test -- Friedman Test -- Spearman's Rank-Order Correlation and Kendall's Tau-B -- Summary -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 16: Frequency Cross-Tabulations: 2 × 2 Tables -- Measures of Association for 2 × 2 Tables -- Confidence Intervals for Odds Ratios -- The Relative Risk Ratio -- Confidence Intervals for Relative-Risk Ratios -- Similarities and Differences in the Magnitudes of OR and RR -- The Correlation Coefficient PHI (F) -- The Pearson Chi-Squared (X2) Statistic -- Fisher's Exact Test -- Summary -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 17: Logistic Regression With One Independent Variable -- Odds, Odds Ratios, and Probabilities -- The Logistic Regression Model -- Estimating the Logistic Regression Model -- Maximum Likelihood Estimation -- Logistic Regression Model With a Continuous Independent Variable -- Judging the Assumptions of the Logistic Regression Model -- Summary -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 18: Logistic Regression Models With Multiple Predictors -- Multiple Logistic Regression -- Empirical Example of a Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis -- Confounding in Multiple Logistic Regression Models -- Interactions in Multiple Logistic Regression Models -- Model Fit -- Testing for Influential Outlier Patterns -- Extensions of the Logistic Regression Model -- Summary -- Exercises -- References -- Part IV: Models for Time-to-Event Data/Survival Analysis -- Chapter 19: Incidence Rates, Life Tables, and Survival Function -- Censoring -- Incidence Rates -- The Construction of Life Tables -- Kaplan-Meier Survival Function -- Summary -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 20: Comparing Survival Functions in Different Groups and Hazard Regression -- Confidence Intervals for Survival Function -- The Log-Rank Test -- Hazard Functions and Hazard Ratios.

Cox Proportional Hazard Regression -- Summary -- Exercises -- References -- Part V: Measurement Models -- Chapter 21: Reliability Coefficients and Medical Test Evaluation -- Systematic Versus Random Measurement Error -- The Concept of Measurement Reliability -- Note on the Importance of Measurement Error -- The Intra-Class Correlation Coefficient as an Index of Reliability -- Cronbach's Alpha -- Coefficient of Concordance W -- Cohen's Kappa -- Evaluation of Medical Tests -- Summary -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 22: Factor Analysis -- Steps in EFA -- Comments on CFA -- Summary -- Exercises -- References -- Part VI: Issues in Data Management -- Chapter 23: Data Management and Privacy Concerns -- Research Using Data in Clinical Settings -- Principles for Storing and Archiving Data Sets -- Summary -- References -- Appendices -- Appendix A: Estimating Population Variance From Sample Variance -- Appendix B: One-Sided Probabilities for z-Scores of the Standard Normal Distribution -- Appendix C: Table of Critical t-Values for Several Significance Levels of t-Distributions With Different Degrees of Freedom (df) -- Appendix D: Normalizing a Nonnormal Distribution -- Appendix E: Table of Critical f-Values at the Significance Level of α = 0.05 of f-Distributions With Different Degrees of Freedom (df) -- Appendix F: Proof That Phi = Pearson's r -- Appendix G: Table of Critical Chi-Square Values for Several Significance Levels of Chi-Square Distributions With Different Degrees of Freedom (df) -- Appendix H: Refresher on Exponential and Logarithmic Transformations -- Exponentials -- Logarithms -- Appendix I: Standardization of Interval-Level Variables -- Appendix J: Answers to Selected Exercises -- Chapter 2 -- Chapter 3 -- Chapter 4 -- Chapter 5 -- Chapter 6 -- Chapter 7 -- Chapter 8 -- Chapter 9 -- Chapter 10 -- Chapter 11 -- Chapter 12 -- Chapter 13.

Chapter 15 -- Chapter 16 -- Chapter 17 -- Chapter 18 -- Chapter 19 -- Chapter 20 -- Chapter 21 -- Chapter 22 -- Index.