Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Part I Introduction -- Chapter 1 Bioceramics -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Reactivity of the Bioceramics -- 1.3 First, Second, and Third Generations of Bioceramics -- 1.4 Multidisciplinary Field -- 1.5 Solutions for Bone Repairing -- 1.6 Biomedical Engineering -- Recommended Reading -- Chapter 2 Biomimetics -- 2.1 Biomimetics -- 2.2 Formation of Hard Tissues -- 2.3 Biominerals versus Biomaterials -- Recommended Reading -- Part II Materials -- Chapter 3 Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics -- 3.1 History of Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials -- 3.2 Generalities of Calcium Phosphates -- 3.3 In vivo Response of Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics -- 3.4 Calcium Hydroxyapatite-Based Bioceramics -- 3.4.1 Stoichiometric Hydroxyapatite (HA) -- 3.4.2 Calcium Deficient Hydroxyapatites (CDHA) -- 3.4.3 Carbonated Hydroxyapatites (CHA) -- 3.4.4 Silicon-Substituted Hydroxyapatite (Si-HA) -- 3.4.5 Hydroxyapatites of Natural Origin -- 3.5 Tricalcium Phosphate-Based Bioceramics -- 3.5.1 β-Tricalcium Phosphate (β-TCP) -- 3.5.2 α-Tricalcium Phosphate (α-TCP) -- 3.6 Biphasic Calcium Phosphates (BCP) -- 3.6.1 Chemical and Structural Properties -- 3.6.2 Preparation Methods -- 3.6.3 Clinical Applications -- 3.7 Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles -- 3.7.1 General Properties and Scope of Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles -- 3.7.2 Preparation Methods of CaP Nanoparticles -- 3.7.3 Clinical Applications -- 3.8 Calcium Phosphate Advanced Biomaterials -- 3.8.1 Scaffolds for in situ Bone Regeneration and Tissue Engineering -- 3.8.2 Drug Delivery Systems -- References -- Chapter 4 Silica-based Ceramics: Glasses -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 What Is a Glass? -- 4.1.2 Properties of Glasses -- 4.1.3 Structure of Glasses -- 4.1.4 Synthesis of Glasses -- 4.2 Glasses as Biomaterials.

4.2.1 First Bioactive Glasses (BGs): Melt-Prepared Glasses (MPGs) -- 4.2.2 Other Bioactive MPGs -- 4.2.3 Bioactivity Index and Network Connectivity -- 4.2.4 Mechanism of Bioactivity -- 4.3 Increasing the Bioactivity of Glasses: New Methods of Synthesis -- 4.3.1 Sol-Gel Glasses (SGGs) -- 4.3.2 Composition, Texture, and Bioactivity of SSGs -- 4.3.3 Biocompatibility of SGGs -- 4.3.4 SGGs as Bioactivity Accelerators in Biphasic Materials -- 4.3.5 Template Glasses (TGs) Bioactive Glasses with Ordered Mesoporosity -- 4.3.6 Atomic Length Scale in BGs: How the Local Structure Affects Bioactivity -- 4.3.7 New Reformulation of Hench's Mechanism for TGs -- 4.3.8 Including Therapeutic Inorganic Ions in the Glass Composition -- 4.4 Strengthening and Adding New Capabilities to Bioactive Glasses -- 4.4.1 Glass Ceramics (GCs) -- 4.4.2 Composites Containing Bioactive Glasses -- 4.4.3 Sol-Gel Organic-Inorganic Hybrids (O-IHs) -- 4.5 Non-silicate Glasses -- 4.5.1 Phosphate Glasses -- 4.5.2 Borate Glasses -- 4.6 Clinical Applications of Glasses -- 4.6.1 Bioactive Silica Glasses -- 4.6.2 Inert Silica Glasses -- 4.6.3 Phosphate Glasses -- 4.6.4 Borate Glasses -- Recommended Reading -- Chapter 5 Silica-based Ceramics: Mesoporous Silica -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Discovery of Ordered Mesoporous Silicas -- 5.3 Synthesis of Ordered Mesoporous Silicas -- 5.3.1 Hydrothermal Synthesis -- 5.3.2 Evaporation-Induced Self-Assembly (EISA) Method -- 5.4 Mechanisms of Mesostructure Formation -- 5.5 Tuning the Structural Properties of Mesoporous Silicas -- 5.5.1 Micellar Mesostructure -- 5.5.2 Type of Mesoporous Structure -- 5.5.3 Mesopore Size -- 5.6 Structural Characterization of Mesoporous Silicas -- 5.7 Synthesis of Spherical Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles -- 5.7.1 Aerosol-Assisted Synthesis -- 5.7.2 Modified Stöber Method.

5.8 Organic Functionalization of Ordered Mesoporous Silicas -- 5.8.1 Post-synthesis Functionalization ("Grafting") -- 5.8.2 Co-condensation ("One-Pot" Synthesis) -- 5.8.3 Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas -- References -- Chapter 6 Alumina, Zirconia, and Other Non-oxide Inert Bioceramics -- 6.1 A Perspective on the Clinical Application of Alumina and Zirconia -- 6.1.1 Alumina -- 6.1.2 Zirconia -- 6.2 Novel Strategies Based on Alumina and Zirconia Ceramics -- 6.2.1 From Alumina Toughened Zirconia to Alumina Matrix Composite -- 6.2.2 Introduction of Different Species in Zirconia -- 6.2.3 Improvement of Surface Adhesion -- 6.3 Non-oxidized Ceramics -- 6.3.1 Silicon Nitride (Si3 N4) -- 6.3.2 Silicon Carbide (SiC) -- References -- Chapter 7 Carbon-based Materials in Biomedicine -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Carbon Allotropes -- 7.2.1 Pyrolytic Carbon -- 7.2.2 Carbon Fibers -- 7.2.3 Fullerenes -- 7.2.4 Carbon Nanotubes -- 7.2.5 Graphene -- 7.2.6 Diamond and Amorphous Carbon -- 7.3 Carbon Compounds -- 7.3.1 Silicon Carbide -- 7.3.2 Boron Carbide -- 7.3.3 Tungsten Carbide -- References -- Part III Material Shaping -- Chapter 8 Cements -- Abbreviations -- Glossary -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Brief History -- 8.1.2 Definition and Chemistry -- 8.1.3 Description of the Different CaP Cements -- 8.1.4 State of the Art -- 8.2 Calcium Phosphate Cements -- 8.2.1 Types -- 8.2.2 Mechanisms -- 8.2.3 Relevant Experimental Variables -- 8.2.4 Material Characterization -- 8.2.5 Reaction Evolution of Cements -- 8.2.6 Additives and Strategies to Enhance Properties -- 8.2.7 Biological Characterization and Bioactive Behavior -- 8.3 Applications -- 8.3.1 Bone Defect Repair -- 8.3.2 Drug Delivery Systems -- 8.4 Future Trends -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 Bioceramic Coatings for Medical Implants -- 9.1 Introduction.

9.2 Methods to Modify the Surface of an Implant -- 9.2.1 Deposited Coatings -- 9.2.2 Conversion Coatings -- 9.3 Bioactive Ceramic Coatings -- 9.3.1 Clinical Applications -- 9.3.2 Calcium Phosphates-Based Coatings -- 9.3.3 Silica-based Coatings: Glass and Glass-Ceramics -- 9.3.4 Bioactive Ceramic Layer Formation on a Metallic Substrate -- 9.4 Bioinert Ceramic Coatings -- 9.4.1 Titanium Nitride and Zirconia Coatings -- 9.4.2 Carbon-based Coatings -- References -- Chapter 10 Scaffold Designing -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Essential Requirements for Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds -- 10.3 Scaffold Processing Techniques -- 10.3.1 Foam Scaffolds -- 10.3.2 Rapid Prototyping Scaffolds -- 10.3.3 Electrospinning Scaffolds -- References -- Part IV Research on Future Ceramics -- Chapter 11 Bone Biology and Regeneration -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The Skeleton -- 11.3 Bone Remodeling -- 11.4 Bone Cells -- 11.4.1 Bone Lining Cells -- 11.4.2 Osteoblasts -- 11.4.3 Osteocytes -- 11.4.4 Osteoclasts -- 11.5 Bone Extracellular Matrix -- 11.6 Bone Diseases -- 11.6.1 Osteoporosis -- 11.6.2 Paget's Disease -- 11.6.3 Osteomalacia -- 11.6.4 Osteogenesis Imperfecta -- 11.7 Bone Mechanics -- 11.8 Bone Tissue Regeneration -- 11.8.1 Calcium Phosphate and Silica-based Bioceramics -- 11.8.2 Bioactive Glasses -- 11.8.3 Calcium Phosphate Cements -- 11.9 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12 Ceramics for Drug Delivery -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Drug Delivery -- 12.3 Drug Delivery from Calcium Phosphates -- 12.3.1 Drug Delivery from Hydroxyapatite -- 12.3.2 Drug Delivery from Tricalcium Phosphates -- 12.3.3 Drug Delivery from Calcium Phosphate Cements -- 12.4 Drug Delivery from Silica-based Ceramics -- 12.4.1 Drug Delivery from Glasses -- 12.4.2 Drug Delivery from Mesoporous Silica -- 12.5 Drug Delivery from Carbon Nanotubes.

12.6 Drug Delivery from Ceramic Coatings -- References -- Chapter 13 Ceramics for Gene Transfection -- 13.1 Gene Transfection -- 13.2 Gene Transfection Based on Nonviral Vectors -- 13.3 Ceramic Nanoparticles for Gene Transfection -- 13.3.1 Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles -- 13.3.2 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles -- 13.3.3 Carbon Allotropes (Fullerenes, CNTs, Graphene Oxide) -- 13.3.4 Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles -- References -- Chapter 14 Ceramic Nanoparticles for Cancer Treatment -- 14.1 Delivery of Nanocarriers to Solid Tumors -- 14.1.1 Special Issues of Tumor Vasculature: Enhanced Permeation and Retention Effect (EPR) -- 14.1.2 Tumor Microenvironment -- 14.2 Ceramic Nanoparticle Pharmacokinetics in Cancer Treatment -- 14.2.1 Biodistribution and Excretion/Clearance Pathways -- 14.2.2 Toxicity of the Ceramic Nanoparticles -- 14.3 Cancer-targeted Therapy -- 14.3.1 Endocytic Mechanism of Targeted Drug Delivery -- 14.3.2 Specific Tumor Active Targeting -- 14.3.3 Angiogenesis-associated Active Targeting -- 14.4 Ceramic Nanoparticles for Cancer Treatment -- 14.4.1 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles -- 14.4.2 Calcium Phosphates Nanoparticles -- 14.4.3 Carbon Allotropes -- 14.4.4 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Hyperthermia -- 14.5 Imaging and Theranostic Applications -- References -- Index -- Supplemental Images.