Hot Topics in Perinatal Medicine -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of contributors -- 1 Preface and introduction -- Bibliography -- 2 Fetal heart activity and measurements of labor activities -- 2.1 Scientific precursors -- 2.1.1 Development of the stethoscope -- 2.1.2 Recognition of the existence of fetal heart sounds -- 2.1.3 First attempts to register the fetal heart beats -- 2.1.3.1 Fetal cardiography -- 2.1.3.2 Fetal electrocardiogram -- 2.1.3.3 Phonocardiogram -- 2.1.4 Measurement of the intrauterine pressure during labor -- 2.2 Early stages: "modern" cardiotocogram (CTG) -- 2.3 Later developments -- Bibliography -- 3 Fetal blood analysis (FBA) -- 3.1 Precursors -- 3.2 Fetal blood analysis (FBA) -- 3.3 Further developments -- 3.3.1 Pulse oxymetry -- 3.4 Excursion: Physiological concepts in connection with fetal blood analysis -- 3.4.1 "Brain sparing effect" -- 3.4.2 "Maternogenic" increase of metabolic acidity in the fetus -- Bibliography -- 4 Amniotic fluid interventions and examinations -- 4.1 Knowledge about the significance of meconium in the amniotic fluid -- 4.2 Amniocentesis -- 4.3 Amnioscopy -- Bibliography -- 5 Prevention of Rh-immunization -- 5.1 History -- 5.1.1 First descriptions and discovery of the pathogenesis -- 5.1.2 First exchange transfusions -- 5.2 Attempts to affect the immune system -- 5.3 Intrauterine transfusion -- 5.4 Rh-immune prophylaxis -- 5.5 Later developments -- Bibliography -- 6 Sonography -- 6.1 Ian Donald - Pioneer of ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology -- 6.2 Parallel early developments in the USA, Japan, and Russia -- 6.3 The ultrasonic boom in the 1960s -- 6.3.1 The development and use of new ultrasound devices: the Vidoson® real-time scanner and articulated-arm compound contact scanner SSD-10 -- 6.3.2 The work of Alfred Kratochwil.

6.3.3 The Kossoff group: first use of ultrasound in the diagnosis of fetal malformation and further technical innovations -- 6.3.4 Ultrasound in the diagnostics of pregnancy assessment -- 6.4 The implementation of Doppler ultrasound -- 6.5 Later developments and future perspectives -- 6.5.1 The founding of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG) and the first journal in this field -- 6.5.2 From the scan of fetal movements to the diagnosis of fetal well-being due to Doppler ultrasound -- 6.5.3 The implementation of 3D ultrasound -- 6.5.4 Use of ultrasound in the diagnostics of malformation and preterm delivery -- Bibliography -- 7 Measures in cases of threatened prematurity -- 7.1 Tocolysis -- 7.1.1 Introduction -- 7.1.2 Medications for tocolysis -- 7.1.2.1 Relaxin -- 7.1.2.2 Alcohol -- 7.1.2.3 Progesterone -- 7.1.2.4 Ritodrine -- 7.1.2.5 Magnesium Sulfate -- 7.1.2.6 Beta-Agonists -- 7.1.2.7 Calcium Channel Blockers -- 7.1.2.8 Bed rest -- 7.1.3 Later developments - tocolysis today -- 7.1.4 Conclusions -- 7.2 History of induction of lung maturation -- 7.2.1 Antecedent of fetal lung maturation -- 7.2.2 Early stages of fetal lung maturation 1940s-1960s -- 7.2.3 From 1970s till today -- 7.2.4 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 8 Diagnosis of genetic defects -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Early stages of clinical diagnostics: Fetoscopy versus ultrasound -- 8.3 The implementation of amniocentesis (AC) -- 8.4 The implementation of chorionic villus sampling (CVS) -- 8.5 Later developments in diagnostics: Ultrasound guided CVS and amniocentesis (AC) -- 8.6 Alpha-fetoprotein in maternal serum as non-invasive diagnostic tool -- 8.7 The triple and quadruple screens -- 8.8 The return of ultrasound -- 8.9 The combined screening -- 8.10 New directions: Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) testing in maternal blood and chromosomal microarray.

Bibliography -- 9 Assessment of the newborn immediately after delivery -- 9.1 Apgar-score -- 9.1.1 Precursors -- 9.1.2 Apgar-score -- 9.1.2.1 Excursion: coauthor's critique of the Apgar-score -- 9.2 Assessment of the biochemical state of the newborn -- 9.2.1 Precursors - chemical and physiological scientific background -- 9.2.2 Blood gas analysis and pH-measurement in the newborn -- 9.2.2.1 Arvo Henrik Ylppö -- 9.2.2.2 N. J. Eastman -- 9.2.2.3 Sir Joseph Barcroft -- 9.2.3 Stanley James and Virginia Apgar -- 9.3 Attempts to modify the Apgar-score and completion of the assessment of the newborn -- Bibliography -- 10 Neonatological part of perinatal medicine -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Resuscitation -- 10.2.1 Precursors in the eighteenth and nineteenth century -- 10.2.2 Beginnings of current neonatal resuscitation practices -- 10.2.3 "Alternative" approaches -- 10.2.4 Scientific comparison of different methods -- 10.2.5 Supplementary oxygen -- 10.2.6 Refilling anesthetic bag -- 10.2.7 Change in pressure limiting valves -- 10.2.8 Later developments and recommendations -- 10.3 Mechanical ventilation -- 10.3.1 Intermittent positive airway pressure -- 10.3.2 Negative external inhalation -- 10.3.3 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia -- 10.3.4 Outcomes of mechanical ventilation -- 10.3.4.1 Inflation and ventilator rates -- 10.3.5 Altering inflation times and rates -- 10.3.5.1 Positive end expiratory pressure -- 10.3.6 Later developments -- 10.4 Exogenous surfactant therapy -- 10.4.1 Physiological background -- 10.4.2 Identification of the chemical structure of surfactant -- 10.4.3 Methods for assessing surfactant -- 10.4.4 Hormones and the surfactant system -- 10.4.5 Surfactant therapy -- 10.5 Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 11 History of clinical structures and development of the Perinatal Care System -- 11.1 Introduction.

11.2 Historical precursors of a structural reform -- 11.2.1 The need for the establishment of antenatal care at the end of the 19th century -- 11.2.2 John William Ballantyne's plea for a pro-maternity hospital -- 11.3 Erich Saling's proposals for reforms in obstetrics: Early attempts to a structural reform -- 11.4 International developments as the answer to Saling's proposals -- 11.5 Later developments and evolution of an integrative Perinatal Care System -- Bibliography -- 12 History of first activities such as training, publications, foundation of very first congresses and societies -- 12.1 New section in medicine: First activities -- 12.2 First local educational activities -- 12.3 Later developments -- Bibliography -- 13 History of the International Academy of Perinatal Medicine (IAPM) -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 The first steps -- 13.3 The roots of the Academy -- 13.4 Foundation of the IAPM -- 13.5 Identity, mission, and objectives of IAPM -- 13.5.1 Mission -- 13.5.2 Objectives of the IAPM -- 13.6 Activities of the IAPM -- Selected References -- Index of Names and cited Authors -- Subject Index.