Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Part 1: Cutting-edge Biomaterials -- 1 Frontiers for Bulk Nanostructured Metals in Biomedical Applications -- 1.1 Introduction to Nanostructured Metals -- 1.1.1 Importance of Nanostructured Biomedical Metals -- 1.1.2 Brief Overview of the Evolution of Bulk Nanostructured Metals -- 1.1.3 Desirable Characteristics of Nanostructured Metals for Medical Applications -- 1.2 Nanostructured Metals as Biomaterials for Medical Applications -- 1.2.1 Nanostructured Titanium and its Alloys -- 1.2.2 Stainless Steels -- 1.2.3 Cobalt-Chromium Alloys -- 1.2.4 Magnesium Alloys -- 1.3 Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 2 Stimuli-responsive Materials Used as Medical Devices in Loading and Releasing of Drugs -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Classification of Materials for Bioapplications -- 2.2.1 Polymers -- 2.2.2 Ceramics -- 2.2.3 Composites -- 2.2.4 Metals -- 2.3 Responsive Polymers in Controlled Drug Delivery -- 2.3.1 Temperature-responsive Polymers -- 2.3.2 pH-responsive Polymers -- 2.3.3 Electric-responsive Polymers -- 2.3.4 Magneto-responsive Polymers -- 2.3.5 Photo-responsive Polymers -- 2.4 Types of Medical Devices -- 2.4.1 Stents -- 2.4.2 Cannulas -- 2.4.3 Catheters -- 2.4.4 Cardiac Pumps -- 2.4.5 Prostheses -- 2.4.6 Sutures -- 2.5 Materials Used in Medical Devices -- 2.5.1 Elastomers for Biomedical Devices -- 2.5.2 Shape-memory Polymer Systems Intended for Biomedical Devices -- 2.5.3 Metallic Materials for Biomedical Devices -- 2.5.4 Ceramic Materials for Biomedical Devices -- 2.5.5 Sol-gel Materials for Biomaterials Devices -- 2.6 Stimuli-responsive Polymers Used in Medical Devices -- 2.6.1 Advancements in Design of Medical Device -- 2.6.2 Drug Delivery Improved by Devices -- 2.7 Infections Associated with Medical Devices -- 2.7.1 Antibiotic-loaded Medical Devices.

2.7.2 Biofilm Formation -- 2.7.3 Approaches for the Prevention of Device-related Infections -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Recent Advances with Liposomes as Drug Carriers -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Passive Targeting of Liposomes -- 3.2.1 Plain and Cationic Liposomes -- 3.2.2 Polymer-Coated Long-Circulating Liposomes -- 3.2.3 Stimuli-Sensitive and Triggered Release Liposomes -- 3.3 Actively Targeted Liposomes -- 3.3.1 Antibody-Targeted Liposomes -- 3.3.2 Single Ligand-Targeted Liposomes -- 3.3.3 Dual-Targeted Liposomes -- 3.4 Multifunctional Liposomes -- 3.5 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- 4 Fabrication, Properties of Nanoshells with Controllable Surface Charge and its Applications -- 4.1 What is Nanotechnology? -- 4.2 Nanomaterials and Their Uses -- 4.3 Classification of Nanomaterials -- 4.4 Nanoparticles -- 4.5 Nanocomposites Material -- 4.6 Spherical Silica Particles -- 4.7 Silver Nanoparticles -- 4.8 Gold Nanoparticles -- 4.9 SiO2@Ag and SiO2@Au Core-shell Nanocomposites -- 4.10 Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering -- 4.11 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Chitosan as an Advanced Healthcare Material -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Chitosan -- 5.1.2 General Applications -- 5.2 Chemical Modification and Analysis -- 5.2.1 Characterization -- 5.3 Chitosan Co-polymers -- 5.4 Nanoparticles -- 5.5 Nanofibres (Electrospinning) -- 5.6 Visualising Nanostructures -- 5.7 Biomedical Applications of Chitosan -- 5.7.1 Current Technology Status -- 5.7.2 Wound Healing/Tissue Regeneration -- 5.7.3 Targeted Delivery Agents -- 5.7.4 Antimicrobial Studies -- 5.8 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Chitosan and Low Molecular Weight Chitosan: Biological and Biomedical Applications -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Biodegradability of Chitin and Chitosan -- 6.3 Biocomapatibility and Toxicology of Chitin and Chitosan.

6.4 Chitosan as Antimicrobial Agent -- 6.4.1 Mode of Action of Antimicrobial Action -- 6.4.2 Factors Affecting Antimicrobial Activity -- 6.5 Chitosan as Haemostatic Agent -- 6.6 Chitosan as Immunity Modulator -- 6.7 Chitosan as Adjuvant -- 6.8 Chitosan as Wound Healing Accelerator -- 6.9 Chitosan as Lipid Lowering Agent & Dietary Supplement in Aid of Weight Loss -- 6.10 Chitosan as Antioxidant -- 6.11 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Anticipating Behaviour of Advanced Materials in Healthcare -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Evolution of the Bio-advance Materials Fields -- 7.2.1 First Generation -- 7.2.2 Second Generation -- 7.2.3 Third Generation -- 7.3 Evaluation in Humans -- 7.4 The Natural History of Diseases -- 7.4.1 Risk Factors -- 7.4.2 Subject and Observer Bias -- 7.4.3 Basic Process in Drug -- 7.5 Enzyme -- 7.5.1 Enzyme Units and Concentrations -- 7.5.2 Assay of Enzyme Activity -- 7.5.3 Enzymes in Health Sciences -- 7.6 Biosensor -- 7.7 Platinum Material Used in Medicine -- 7.8 Antibody -- 7.8.1 Antibodies-Production and Properties -- 7.9 Antibody microarrays -- 7.10 Conclusion -- References -- Part 2: Innovative Biodevices -- 8 Label-Free Biochips -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Label-Free Analysis -- 8.3 Electrochemical Biosensors -- 8.4 Acoustic Wave-based Mass Sensors -- 8.5 Bulk Acoustic Wave Sensors -- 8.6 Surface Acoustic Wave Mass Sensors -- 8.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- 9 Polymer MEMS Sensors -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Polymer Nanocomposite Piezoresistive Microcantilever Sensors -- 9.2.1 Preparation and Characterization of SU-8/CB Nanocomposite -- 9.2.2 Design and Fabrication of Polymer Nanocomposite Cantilevers -- 9.2.3 Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposite Cantilevers -- 9.3 Organic CantiFET -- 9.3.1 Process Integration of Organic CantiFET -- 9.3.2 Characterization of Organic CantiFET.

9.4 Polymer Microcantilever Sensors with Embedded Al-doped ZnO Transistor -- 9.5 Piezoelectric Nanocomposite (SU-8/ZNO) Thin Films Studies and Their Integration with Piezoelectric MEMS Devices -- 9.5.1 Fabrication and Mechanical Characterization -- 9.5.2 Fabrication of Polymer (SU-8) Piezoelectric (ZnO) Composite MEMS Cantilevers -- 9.5.3 Characterization of SU-8/ZnO Cantilevers as Vibration Sensors: -- 9.6 Polymer Nanomechanical Cantilever Sensors for Detection of Explosives -- References -- 10 Assembly of Polymers/Metal Nanoparticles and their Applications as Medical Devices -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Platinum Nanoparticles -- 10.3 Gold Nanoparticles -- 10.4 Silver Nanoparticles -- 10.5 Assembly of Polymers/Silver Nanoparticles -- 10.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Combination of Molecular Imprinting and Nanotechnology: Beginning of a New Horizon -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 What is "Imprinting"? -- 11.1.2 The MIP 'Rule of Six' -- 11.1.3 Downsides of "The Imprinted Materials" -- 11.1.4 How to Overcome the Problems -- 11.2 Classification of Imprinted Nanomaterials -- 11.2.1 Imprinting Onto the Nanostructure Surfaces -- 11.2.2 Thin Film Imprinting -- 11.3 Imprinted Materials at Nanoscale -- 11.3.1 Imprinted Nanoparticle -- 11.3.2 Nanosphere -- 11.3.3 Comparative Study Between Micro- and Nano-imprnted Materials -- 11.3.4 Imprinted Nanogel -- 11.3.5 Nano Imprint Lithography -- 11.4 Conclusions & Future Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 12 Prussian Blue and Analogues: Biosensing Applications in Health Care -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 General Aspects of Prussian Blue and Other Hexacyanoferrates -- 12.2.1 Overview -- 12.2.2 Chemical and Structure of Prussian Blue and Its Analogues -- 12.2.3 pH Stability and Deposition Method -- 12.3 Prussian Blue: Hydrogen Peroxide Electrocatalysis.

12.4 Prussian Blue: Biosensor Applications -- 12.4.1 Prussian Blue and Analogues Enzyme System -- 12.5 Prussian Blue: Immunosensor Applications -- 12.5.1 α-fetoprotein Antigen -- 12.5.2 Carcinoembryonic Antigen -- 12.5.3 Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 -- 12.5.4 Neuron-specific Enolase Antigen -- 12.5.5 Carcinoma Antigen 125 -- 12.5.6 Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Antigen -- 12.5.7 Prostate Specific Antigen -- 12.5.8 Hepatitis B Antigen -- 12.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 13 Efficiency of Biosensors as New Generation of Analytical Approaches at the Biochemical Diagnostics of Diseases -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 General Approaches for the Development of Optical Immune Biosensors -- 13.2.1 Fiber Optic Immune Biosensors for Diagnostics -- 13.2.2 Fiber Pptic Immune Biosensor Based on the Principle of the "Evanescent" Wave -- 13.2.3 Immune Biosensor Based on the Effect of the Enhanced Chemiluminescence (ChL) [6] -- 13.2.4 Immune Biosensor Based on the Photoluminescence (PhL) of Porous Silicon (PS) [9-17] -- 13.2.5 Direct Electrometric Approach to Register Interaction Between Biological Molecules [18, 19] -- 13.2.6 Immune Biosensor Based on the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) -- 13.3 Electrochemical Enzymatic Biosensors Based on the Ion-sensitive Field Fffect Transistors (ISFETs) -- 13.3.1 Analysis of the Urea Level in Blood [46] -- 13.3.2 Determination of the Glucose Level in Blood [47] -- 13.4 Multi-parametrical Biosensors [49-51] -- 13.5 Modeling Selective Sites and their Application in the Sensory Technology -- 13.5.1 Template Sensor: Principle of Creation and Characteristics of Work and Determination of Some Biochemical Substances [52] -- 13.5.2 Artificial Selective Sites in the Sensors Intended for the Control of Some Biochemical Indexes [54] -- 13.6 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Nanoparticles: Scope in Drug Delivery.

14.1 Introduction.