Glass: Mechanics and Technology -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the First Edition -- Symbols and Definitions (Units in Parentheses) -- Physical Constants -- List of Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Glass, A Ceramic Material -- 2.1 Four Classes of Materials -- 2.2 Materials Properties -- 2.3 Selecting Materials -- 2.4 Performance Indices -- 2.5 Shape Factors in Mechanical Design -- 3 Glass Prehistory and History -- 3.1 Natural Glasses -- 3.2 Early Glasses -- 3.3 First Optical Glasses -- 3.4 Modern Glasses -- 3.4.1 Soda-Lime-Silica Glasses -- 3.4.2 Borosilicate and Aluminosilicate Glasses -- 4 Applications of Glass -- 4.1 Glazing -- 4.2 Containers -- 4.3 Optical Glass -- 4.4 Glass Fibres for Insulation and Reinforcement -- 4.5 Abrasive Tools -- 4.6 Glass Manufacturers -- 5 Glass Structure -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Silica Glass and Related Glasses -- 5.2.1 Glass Network -- 5.2.2 Glass Network Modification -- 5.2.3 Short-Range Order -- 5.3 Borate Glass and Related Glasses -- 5.4 Organic and Chalcogenide Glasses -- 5.5 Metallic Glasses -- 5.6 Avoiding Crystallization -- 5.6.1 Nucleation and Growth of Crystallized Phases -- 5.6.2 Nucleation of Crystallized Phases -- 5.6.2.1 Homogeneous Nucleation -- 5.6.2.2 Heterogeneous Nucleation -- 5.6.3 Crystal Growth -- 5.6.4 Temperature-Time-Transformation (TTT) Diagram -- 5.6.5 Devitrification -- 5.6.6 Factors That Favour Glass Formation -- 5.7 Vitroceramic Fabrication -- 5.7.1 Introduction -- 5.7.2 Conventional Method (Two Stages) -- 5.7.3 Modified Conventional Method (Single Stage) -- 5.7.4 Laser-Induced Method -- 5.8 Glass Surface -- 5.8.1 Surface Reaction -- 5.8.2 Molecular Diffusion -- 5.8.3 Glass Network Interaction with Water -- 5.8.3.1 Water Reaction -- 5.8.3.2 Ion Exchange -- 5.8.3.3 Glass Corrosion -- 5.8.4 Surface Properties -- 6 Glass Rheology.

6.1 Viscosity -- 6.1.1 Viscosity and Process -- 6.1.2 Viscosity Measurement -- 6.1.2.1 Rotation Viscometer -- 6.1.2.2 Falling Sphere Viscometer -- 6.1.2.3 Fibre Elongation Viscometer -- 6.1.3 Viscosity Variation with Temperature -- 6.1.3.1 Introduction -- 6.1.3.2 Fragility -- 6.1.3.3 VFT Empirical Formula -- 6.1.3.4 Microscopic Approach -- 6.2 Glass Transition and Its Observation -- 6.2.1 'Observing' the Glass Transition -- 6.2.2 Dilatometry -- 6.2.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry -- 6.3 Viscous Response of Glass -- 6.4 Viscoelastic Response of Glass -- 6.4.1 Introduction -- 6.4.2 Maxwell and Kelvin Solids -- 6.4.3 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis -- 6.4.4 Modelling Real Solids -- 6.4.5 Functional Formulation -- 6.4.5.1 Creep -- 6.4.5.2 Stress Relaxation -- 6.4.5.3 Elastic-Viscoelastic Correspondence -- 6.4.5.4 Superposition Principle (Simple Thermorheological Behaviour) -- 6.5 Thermal Tempering of Glass -- 6.5.1 Introduction -- 6.5.2 Freezing Theory -- 6.5.3 Stress Relaxation -- 6.5.4 Structural Relaxation -- 6.6 Transient Stresses -- 6.7 Chemical Tempering of Glass -- 6.7.1 Introduction -- 6.7.2 Ion Exchange and Stress Build-Up -- 6.7.3 Stress Relaxation -- 6.7.4 Engineered Stress Profile Glasses -- 7 Mechanical Strength of Glass -- 7.1 Theoretical Strength -- 7.2 Tensile Resistance of Glass -- 7.3 Stress Concentration and Griffith Energy Balance -- 7.3.1 Stress Concentration -- 7.3.2 Energy Balance -- 7.4 Linear Elasticity Crack Tip Stress Field -- 7.5 SIF under Non-uniform Stress -- 7.6 Toughness Measurement -- 7.6.1 Compact Tension -- 7.6.2 Notch Beam Test -- 7.6.3 Double Torsion -- 7.7 Influence of Residual Stress on Strength and Fragmentation -- 7.7.1 Influence of Residual Thermal Stress on Strength -- 7.7.2 Influence of Residual Chemical Stress on Strength -- 7.7.3 Influence of Residual Stress on Fragmentation -- 7.7.4 Impact-Induced Fracture.

7.8 Statistical Weibull Analysis -- 7.8.1 Introduction -- 7.8.2 Functional Formulation -- 7.8.2.1 Uniform Tensile Stress -- 7.8.2.2 Non-uniform Tensile Stress -- 7.8.3 Population of Flaws -- 8 Contact Resistance of Glass -- 8.1 Sharp and Blunt Contact -- 8.1.1 Introduction -- 8.1.2 Spherical Indentation -- 8.1.2.1 Elastic Loading -- 8.1.2.2 Hertz Fracture and Indentation Toughness -- 8.1.3 Sharp Indentation -- 8.1.3.1 Elastic Loading -- 8.1.3.2 Elastic-Plastic Loading -- 8.1.3.3 Hardness -- 8.1.3.4 Radial-Median Cracking -- 8.1.3.5 Indentation Toughness -- 8.1.3.6 Lateral Cracking and Chipping -- 8.1.3.7 Brittleness Index -- 8.2 Sharp Contact Resistance -- 8.3 Scratch Resistance -- 8.4 Abrasion Resistance -- 8.5 Introducing a Controlled and Critical Surface Flaw -- 8.6 Cutting and Drilling of Glass -- 9 Ageing of Glass -- 9.1 Fatigue in Glass -- 9.1.1 Static Fatigue -- 9.1.2 Testing Methods -- 9.2 Stress Corrosion -- 9.2.1 Introduction (Domain III) -- 9.2.2 Domains O and I: Reaction Controlled -- 9.2.3 Domain II: Transport Controlled -- 9.3 Charles and Hillig Theory -- 9.4 Lifetime under Static Fatigue -- 9.5 Applications -- 9.6 NiS Phase Transformation -- 9.7 Crack Healing -- 10 Mechanics of Glass Processes -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Batching -- 10.1.2 Melting -- 10.1.3 Fining -- 10.1.4 Forming -- 10.2 Float Process -- 10.3 Fusion Draw -- 10.4 Container Process -- 10.4.1 Pressing -- 10.4.2 Press-and-Blow, Blow-and-Blow Processes -- 10.5 Fibre Process -- 10.5.1 Tensile Drawing -- 10.5.2 Centrifugal Drawing -- 11 Production Control of Residual Stresses -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Residual Stresses in Flat Glass -- 11.3 Basics of Photoelasticity in Flat Glass -- 11.4 Stress Meters -- 11.4.1 Edge Stress Meters -- 11.4.2 Surface Stress Meters -- 12 High-Tech Products and R&D -- 12.1 Market Trend-Driven R&D -- 12.2 Flat Displays.

12.2.1 Liquid Crystal Displays -- 12.2.2 Plasma Display Panels -- 12.2.3 Glass Stability -- 12.2.4 Glass Shock and Damage Resistances -- 12.3 Thin-Film Technology -- 12.3.1 Chemical Vapour Deposition -- 12.3.2 Physical Vapour Deposition -- 12.3.3 Sol-Gel Routes -- 12.4 Residual Stresses in Thin Films -- 12.5 Summary -- 13 Conclusion -- Appendix A: Light Absorption, Dispersion and Polarization -- A.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum -- A.2 Light Absorption -- A.3 Light Dispersion -- A.4 Light Polarization -- Appendix B: Atomic Structure and Bond Formation -- B.1 Atomic Structure -- B.2 Mendeleev Table -- B.3 Bond Formation -- Appendix C: Thermal Expansion and Elasticity -- C.1 The α-E Trend -- C.2 Qualitative Approach -- C.3 Expansion Modelling -- C.4 Differential Expansion Measurement -- Appendix D: Falling Sphere Viscometer and Fining of Glass -- D.1 Falling Sphere -- D.1.1 Asymptotic Regime -- D.1.2 Transient Regime -- D.1.3 Faxen's Side Correction -- D.2 Fining of Glass -- Appendix E: Theoretical Strength of a Solid -- Appendix F: Weibull Analysis -- Appendix G: Photoelastic Set-Up for Lectures -- G.1 Set-Up for Photoelastic Projection -- G.2 Example of a Beam under Flexion (Transient Stresses) -- G.3 Example of Tempered Specimens (Residual Stresses) -- Appendix H: Instrumented Nanoindentation Applied to Thin Films -- H.1 Instrumented Nanoindentation -- H.2 Indentation Strain Field -- H.3 Hardness, Yield Stress and Representative Flow Stress -- H.4 Coating-Substrate Composite Response -- H.5 Time-Dependent Response -- H.5.1 Viscoelastic Indentation Curves -- H.5.2 Viscous Elastic-Plastic Indentation F(h) Curves -- H.6 Elastic-Plastic Ratios -- Appendix I: Strain and Stress -- I.1 Stress and Strain -- I.2 Stress and Strain Tensors -- I.3 Uniaxial Tensile Test -- I.4 Simple Shear -- I.5 Plane Stress -- I.6 Hydrostatic Pressure and Stress Deviator.

I.7 Generalized Hooke's Law -- I.8 Kelvin and Maxwell Models -- I.9 Generalized Maxwell Model -- Appendix J: Flow and Plasticity in Glass -- J.1 Introduction -- J.2 From Newtonian to Non-Newtonian Flow -- J.3 From Homogeneous to Heterogeneous Flow -- Appendix K: Finite Element Analysis -- K.1 FEM of the Pressing of a Parison -- K.2 FEM of the Precision Moulding of a Glass Lens -- K.3 FEM of Fracture -- K.4 FEM of Contact Loading -- Appendix L: X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Thin-Film Residual Stresses -- L.1 Thin-Film Stress and Strain -- L.2 X-Ray Diffraction Method -- L.3 The ε-sin2 ψ Method -- Appendix M: Diffusion -- M.1 Diffusion Laws -- M.2 Steady-State Diffusion -- M.3 Non-Steady-State Diffusion -- Glossary -- References -- Index -- End User License Agreement.