Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1 History of blood transfusion and patient blood management -- Introduction -- Blood: early beliefs and practice -- Blood transfusion -- Transfusion with animal blood -- First human blood transfusion -- Karl Landsteiner to the twenty-first century -- New transfusion issues emerge -- The new paradigm -- References -- Chapter 2 The ethical complexities of transfusion-free medicine, surgery and research -- Introduction -- Ethics and informed consent -- Children, assent, and consent -- Professionalism and transfusion-free practices -- Jehovah's witnesses -- Organ transplantation -- Research ethics -- References -- Chapter 3 Transfusion therapy-Balancing the risks and benefits -- Introduction/overview -- The clinical utility of transfusion therapy -- Red blood cell transfusion -- Platelet transfusions -- Plasma component therapy -- Cryoprecipitate -- Transfusion-related adverse reactions -- Hemolytic transfusion reactions -- TRALI -- Sepsis -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 The physiology of anemia and the threshold for blood transfusion -- Introduction -- Etiologies of anemia -- Physiologic response to anemia -- The transfusion threshold -- Risks of blood transfusion -- Infectious complications -- TRALI -- TACO -- Hemolytic reactions -- Febrile reactions -- Metabolic effects -- Immunological effects -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 5 Blood transfusion in surgery -- Introduction -- The cost-effectiveness of blood products: a surgical perspective -- Pre-operative optimization of the surgical patient -- Intra-operative approach to blood conservation -- A. Surgical judgment -- B. Surgical technique -- C. Intra-operative cell salvage (ICS) -- D. Acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) -- E. Anesthesia management -- F. Coagulation management.

Post-operative care -- Trends in transfusion-free surgery -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Current view of coagulation system -- Normal hemostasis -- Vascular phase -- Platelet phase -- Coagulation phase -- Fibrin formation -- Fibrinolysis -- Regulation of hemostasis -- Abnormal hemostasis -- Congenital hemostatic disorders -- Acquired hemostatic disorders -- Evaluation of hemostasis -- History and physical examination -- Coagulation tests -- Preoperative screening tests -- Thromboelastography -- Rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM®) -- Management of intraoperative coagulation -- Clinical coagulation -- Coagulation management -- Hemostatic drug therapy -- Prolysins (tPA, urokinase, and streptokinase) -- Antifibrinolytics -- Procoagulants -- Anticoagulants -- References -- Chapter 7 Topical hemostatic agents -- Introduction -- History of hemostatics -- The biology of hemostasis -- Hemostasis in surgery -- Safety of hemostatics -- Topical hemostatics -- Passive agents -- Adhesive hemostatics (fibrin glues) -- Surgical settings -- Topical hemostatics (Passive agents) -- Collagen-based products -- Cellulose-based products -- Gelatin agents -- References -- Chapter 8 Intraoperative strategies for transfusion-free medicine -- Introduction -- General considerations -- Autologous blood -- Acute normovolemic (isovolemic) hemodilution -- Preoperative autologous donation -- Intraoperative blood salvage -- Pharmacologic agents for blood conservation -- DDAVP -- Antifibrinolytic agents -- Recombinant factor VIIa -- Miscellaneous agents -- Human recombinant erythropoietin -- Controlled hypotension -- Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) -- Calcium channel antagonists -- Summary -- References.

Chapter 9 Post-operative management in transfusion-free medicine and surgery in the ICU -- Introduction -- Anemia in the ICU -- Role of transfusion in resuscitation -- Monitoring the adequacy of oxygenation -- Cardiac output -- SvO2 -- O2ER -- Blood lactate -- Regional markers of tissue oxygenation -- Reducing transfusion requirements -- Reducing phlebotomy losses -- Minimizing oxygen consumption -- Increasing CO and DO2 -- Erythropoietin -- Other factors -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 The changing transfusion practice of neonatal and pediatric surgery -- Introduction -- Transfusion considerations specific to the pediatric population -- Strategies to limit need or transfusion -- Use of recombinant human erythropoietin -- Autotransfusion strategies -- Application of hemostatic agents -- Perioperative approaches -- Physician awareness -- Applications of transfusion-limiting strategies to specific surgical situations -- Neonatal surgery -- Cardiac surgery -- Orthopedic surgery -- Craniosynostosis surgery -- Hepatic surgery -- Burn surgery -- Trauma surgery -- Anemia of prematurity -- Anemia in the PICU -- Anemia of oncologic disease -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 11 Current management of anemia in oncology -- Overview -- Epidemiology and pattern of treatment -- Prognostic significance and rationale for correcting anemia in oncology -- Pathophysiology of anemia in cancer patients -- Diagnostic evaluation and risk assessment -- Treatment options -- Erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) -- Physiologic basis for ESA use in oncology -- Benefits of ESAs -- Risks of ESAs -- Iron supplementation with ESA -- Peripheral red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion -- Benefits -- Risks -- Trend of increased transfusions because of decreased ESA use -- Current recommendations -- Evolving concepts -- Conclusion -- References.

Chapter 12 Artificial blood -- Background -- Basics of blood oxygen transportation -- Defining the need for artificial oxygen carriers -- Hb-based oxygen carriers -- Perfluorocarbons -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13 Translational strategies to minimize transfusion requirement in liver surgery and transplantation: Targeting ischemia-reperfusion injury -- Introduction -- Role of ischemia-reperfusion injury in liver surgery and transplantation -- Surgical and pharmacological strategies to mimimize I/R injury in liver surgery and transplantation -- Static liver preservation -- Pharmacological treatments -- Machine perfusion -- Normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) -- Hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) -- Surgical strategies -- Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 14 Legal and administrative issues related to transfusion-free medicine and surgery programs -- Introduction -- History of Jehovah's Witnesses and blood -- Acceptable products, treatments, and procedures -- Autologous procedures and equipment -- Organ transplantation -- Overview of legal principles related to refusal of blood -- A. Refusal of blood as life-sustaining treatment -- B. Specific issues related to refusal of blood in J.W. -- Disagreeing family members -- Minors -- Mature and emancipated minors -- Evolution of bloodless programs -- Early pioneers of bloodless medicine and surgery -- Transfusion free "bloodless" program implementation -- Legal structure of bloodless program -- Consent: liability of physician and hospital -- Confirming a patient's decision to refuse blood -- Policies and procedures -- Future expansion of transfusion-free programs -- References -- Chapter 15 Basic principles of bloodless medicine and surgery -- Questionnaire -- Index -- EULA.