PLUTARCH'S LIFE OF ALCIBIADES STORY, TEXT AND MORALISM -- Contents -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- 1. Ancient Works -- 1.1. Plutarch's Lives -- 1.2. Plutarch's Moralia -- 1.3. Other works -- 2. Modern Works and Series -- 2.1. Modern Works -- 2.2. Series -- Introduction -- 1. Moralism -- 1.1. The Moralism of the Parallel Lives -- 1.1.1. The moral purpose of the Parallel Lives -- 1.1.2. Positive and negative examples -- 1.1.3. Non-protreptic moralism -- 1.1.4. Comparative moralism -- 1.2. Alcibiades -- 1.2.1. A turbulent life58 -- 1.2.2. A controversial fi gure -- A. Historiography and biography -- 1. Thucydides -- 2. Xenophon's Greek History -- 3. Diodorus Siculus -- 4. Cornelius Nepos -- B. Rhetoric -- 1. Isocrates' On the Team of Horses -- 2. (Pseudo-)Lysias' Against Alcibiades I -- 3. Pseudo-Andocides' Against Alcibiades -- C. Socratic Literature -- 1. Xenophon's Memorabilia -- 2. (Pseudo-)Plato's Alcibiades I -- 3. Plato's Symposium -- 1.2.3. A negative Life? -- 2. Story -- 2.1. The Story-Text Distinction -- 2.2. Constructing a Story: Plutarch and his Sources -- 2.1.1. Plutarch: a creative writer -- 2.2.2. The referential level for the Life of Alcibiades -- A. Plato -- B. Thucydides -- C. Xenophon -- D. Ephorus -- E. Theopompus -- F. Biography -- 2.2.3. Plutarch's Method of Work -- 3. Text -- 3.1. Plutarch's Narrative Techniques -- 3.1.1. Time -- 3.1.2. Narrator(s) and narrative(s) -- 3.1.3. Focalization -- 3.1.4. Speech representation -- 3.2. The Pairing with Coriolanus -- 3.2.1. The order of the two Lives -- 3.2.2. Plutarch's Coriolanus -- 3.3. The relative chronology of the Parallel Lives -- 1 The Proem (Alc. 1) -- 1. An Intriguing Beginning -- 2. Making a Start -- 2.1. Ancestry (Alc. 1.1) -- 2.2. Upbringing and Education (Alc. 1.2-3) -- 2.3. Physical Appearance (Alc. 1.4-5) -- 2.4. Speech (Alc. 1.6-8) -- 3. Conclusions.

2 A Difficult Character (Alc. 2-9) -- 1. On Character Changes and Innate Passions (Alc. 2.1) -- 2. Childhood Stories (Alc. 2.2-3.2) -- 2.1. Three Memorable Anecdotes (Alc. 2.2-7) -- 2.1.1. The lion on the wrestling ground (Alc. 2.2-3[6] ) -- 2.1.2. Much ado about a throw (Alc. 2.3[6] -4) -- 2.1.3. Too proud to play the aulos (Alc. 2.5-7) -- 2.2. Two Slanderous Stories from Antiphon (Alc. 3) -- 3. How to Distinguish Flatterers from a Friend (Alc. 4-6) -- 3.1. An Accumulation of Contrasts -- 3.1.1. The influence of Socrates (Alc. 4.1-4 and Alc. 6) -- 3.1.2. Two ways to treat your lover (Alc. 4.5-5.5) -- 3.2. An Accumulation of Material -- 3.2.1. The influence of (pseudo-)Plato -- 3.2.2. Alc. 4-6 and other Plutarchan writings -- A. De ad. et am. 68c-71d -- B. De aud. 46c-47b -- C. Amat. 762b-f -- 3.2.3. Four other elements -- 4. Sayings and Doings of a Young Adult (Alc. 7-9) -- 4.1. Three Anecdotes (Alc. 7.1-3[8]) -- 4.1.1. Teaching two teachers a lesson (Alc. 7.1-2) -- 4.1.2. A question for Pericles (Alc. 7.3[4-8] ) -- 4.2. On the Battlefield (Alc. 7.3[9]-6) -- 4.3. Violence, Greed, and Marriage (Alc. 8) -- 4.4. A Wonderful Tale (Alc. 9) -- 5. Conclusions -- 5.1. Plutarch's Sources -- 5.2. Alcibiades' Character -- 5.3. The Structure of the Text -- 5.4. The Reader's Appraisal -- 3 The Ascent to Power (Alc. 10-15) -- 1. A Spectacular Entry (Alc. 10.1-2) -- 2. Alcibiades' Rhetoric (Alc. 10.3-4) -- 3. The Olympic Triumph (Alc. 11-12) -- 3.1. An Unparalleled Exploit (Alc. 11) -- 3.2. The Ionians Pay Tribute (Alc. 12.1) -- 3.3. A Blemish on Alcibiades' Reputation (Alc. 12.2-3) -- 4. The Struggle for Power in Athens (Alc. 13) -- 4.1. Nicias and Phaeax (Alc. 13.1-3) -- 4.2. The Ostracism of Hyperbolus (Alc. 13.4-9) -- 4.2.1. Introducing Hyperbolus (Alc. 13.4-5) -- 4.2.2. Whoso diggeth a pit . . . (Alc. 13.6-9) -- 4.2.3. Ostracism notes.

5. Breaking the Peace of Nicias (Alc. 14-15) -- 5.1. Alcibiades' Envy (Alc. 14.1-2) -- 5.2. The First Steps on the Road to War (Alc. 14.3-5) -- 5.3. The Coup in the Assembly (Alc. 14.6-12) -- 5.3.1. The construction of the story -- 5.3.2. The formal presentation of the materia -- 5.4. The Argive Alliance (Alc. 15.1-2) -- 5.5. After the Battle of Mantinea (Alc. 15.3-8) -- 6. Conclusions -- 6.1. A Talented and Ambitious Politician -- 6.2. Uncertainty Remains -- 6.3. Chronological Displacements -- 6.4. Plutarch's Use of Thucydides and His Other Sources -- 6.5. Two Related Lives -- 4 A Thought-Provoking Transition (Alc. 16) -- 1. Dividing Public Opinion -- 1.1. Conflicting Actions, Conflicting Views (Alc. 16.1-6) -- 1.2. Two 'Divisive Elements' (Alc. 16.7-9) -- 2. Combining Source Material -- 5 The Great Reversal (Alc. 17.1-23.3) -- 1. Thinking about the Conquest of Sicily (Alc. 17.1-18.5) -- 1.1. Alcibiades and the Athenians' Desire for Sicily (Alc. 17.1-4) -- 1.1.1. Simply adapting Thucydides? -- 1.1.2. The comparative degrees of ambition -- 1.2. Dissenting Voices: Socrates and Meton (Alc. 17.5-6) -- 1.3. The Commission of the Commanders (Alc. 18.1-3) -- 1.4. A Bad Omen: the Adonia Festival (Alc. 18.4-5) -- 2. From Mutilation to Condemnation (Alc. 18.6-22.5) -- 2.1. Facts and Hypotheses (Alc. 18.6-8) -- 2.2. Under Attack (Alc. 19) -- 2.3. Alcibiades and the Sicilian Expedition (Alc. 20.1-3) -- 2.4. The Attack Continues (Alc. 20.4-6[26]) -- 2.5. Who Cares about the Truth? (Alc. 20.6[26]-21.6) -- 2.5.1. Questionable testimonies (Alc. 20.6[26]-8) -- 2.5.2. A questionable confession (Alc. 21.1-6) -- 2.6. All Against One (Alc. 21.7-22.5) -- 2.6.1. The recall of Alcibiades (Alc. 21.7-9) -- 2.6.2. Alcibiades' reaction (Alc. 22.1-3) -- 2.6.3. The condemnation of Alcibiades (Alc. 22.4-5) -- 3. Alcibiades' Defection to Sparta (Alc. 23.1-3) -- 4. Conclusions.

4.1. Alcibiades and the Athenian Demos -- 4.2. The Construction of the Story -- 4.3. Shaping the Text and the Reader's Opinion -- 6 The Art of Adaptation (Alc. 23.4-5) -- 1. Alcibiades' Adaptation of his Conduct -- 2. Plutarch's Adaptation of his Material -- 7 From Sparta to Samos (Alc. 23.6-26.9) -- 1. From Sparta to Sardis (Alc. 22.6-25.2) -- 1.1. The Timaea Affair (Alc. 23.6-9) -- 1.2. Defection in Ionia (Alc. 24.1-4) -- 1.3. Alcibiades and Tissaphernes (Alc. 24.5-25.2) -- 1.3.1. Mutual fl attery (Alc. 24.5-7) -- 1.3.2. Divide and rule (Alc. 25.1-2) -- 2. From Sardis to Samos (Alc. 25.3-26.9) -- 2.1. The First Contacts (Alc. 25.3-14) -- 2.1.1. An interesting proposal (Alc. 25.3-6) -- 2.1.2. Phrynichus' treason (Alc. 25.7-14) -- 2.2. New Leadership (Alc. 26) -- 2.2.1. Alcibiades' reappointment as general (Alc. 26.1-3) -- 2.2.2. Alcibiades, saviour of Athens (Alc. 26.4-9) -- 3. Conclusions -- 3.1. Changes and Parallels -- 3.2. Quoting, Adapting and Supplementing Thucydides -- 3.3. Time -- 8 Fighting His Way Back (Alc. 27-31) -- 1. A Quest for Glory (Alc. 27.1-2) -- 2. The Battle of Abydus (Alc. 27.3-6[15] ) -- 3. In Prison (Alc. 27.6[16]-28.2[28] ) -- 4. The Battle of Cyzicus (Alc. 28.2[28] -10) -- 5. Alcibiades and Thrasyllus (Alc. 29.1-5) -- 6. The Expedition against Chalcedon (Alc. 29.6-30.2) -- 7. The Capture of Selybria (Alc. 30.3-10) -- 8. The Chalcedon-Treaty (Alc. 31.1-2) -- 9. The Capture of Byzantium (Alc. 31.3-8) -- 10. Conclusions -- 10.1. Painting a Positive Picture of Alcibiades -- 10.2. Making Choices on the Story-Level -- 10.3. Focusing on Alcibiades' Actions -- 9 At the Height of his Glory (Alc. 32-34) -- 1. Alcibiades' Return to Athens (Alc. 32.1-34.2) -- 1.1. Pride and Fear (Alc. 32.1-2) -- 1.2. Joy and Regret (Alc. 32.3-4) -- 1.3. Critias and Alcibiades (Alc. 33.1) -- 1.4. Rhetoric and Rehabilitation (Alc. 33.2-3).

1.5. Alcibiades and Athena (Alc. 34.1-2) -- 2. The Restoration of the Procession to Eleusis (Alc. 34.3-7) -- 3. Conclusions -- 3.1. New Touches to Familiar Portraits -- 3.2. A Story Full of Reversals -- 3.3. Going Crescendo -- 10 A Tragic Downfall (Alc. 35-39) -- 1. In Absentia (Alc. 35.1-36.5) -- 1.1. The Expedition against Andros (Alc. 35.1-2) -- 1.2. Too High the Expectations, Too Little the Resources (Alc. 35.3-4) -- 1.3. The Athenian Defeat at Notium (Alc. 35.5-8) -- 1.4. Manoeuvres in Athens (Alc. 36.1-4) -- 1.5. Alcibiades' Reaction (Alc. 36.5) -- 1.6. Conclusion: Plotting Alcibiades' Downfall -- 2. A New Blow (Alc. 36.6-37.8) -- 2.1. The Athenian Defeat at Aegospotami (Alc. 36.6-37.5) -- 2.1.1. Different Lives, different narratives -- 2.1.2. Different Lives, same source(s)? -- 2.2. Alcibiades' Reaction (Alc. 37.6-8) -- 3. The Final Act (Alc. 38-39) -- 3.1. In the Minds of the Athenians (Alc. 38.1-5) -- 3.2. Alcibiades' Death (Alc. 38.6-39.9) -- 3.2.1. One Life, different stories -- 3.2.2. The end? -- 4. Conclusions -- 4.1. Xenophon and Other Sources -- 4.2. Three Important Characters -- 4.3. A Tragic Downfall -- Conclusions -- 1. Story -- 1.1. A Wide Range of Sources -- 1.2. Plutarch's Method of Work -- 1.2.1. Reading and writing -- 1.2.2. The Life of Alcibiades and Sayings of Kings and Commanders -- 1.2.3. Clusters and hypomnemata -- 1.3. Plutarch's Compositional Techniques -- 1.3.1. Omission -- 1.3.2. Conflation and 'dichotomies' -- 1.3.3. Chronological displacement -- 1.3.4. Fabrication and alteration -- 2. Text -- 2.1. Time -- 2.1.1. Order -- 2.1.2. Duration -- 2.1.3. Frequency -- 2.2. Focalization and Focus of Character -- 2.3. Direct Discourse -- 2.4. Verbal Parallels and Allusive Images -- 2.5. Narratorial Comments -- 3. Moralism -- 3.1. Plutarch's Picture of Alcibiades -- 3.1.1. Great Talents, Great Ambition.

3.1.2. A difficult character to judge.