Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- Chapter 1: Some Notes on Two Controversies around Plastic Materials and their Media Coverage -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Socio-political aspects of the two controversies in the scientific literature -- 1.3. Plastics in the French media: a small sample -- 1.3.1. The written press: endocrine disruption -- 1.3.2. Plastics in general -- 1.3.3. An analysis of two television documentaries -- 1.3.3.1. Endocrine disruptors -- 1.3.3.2. The fate of waste -- 1.4. Conclusion -- 1.5. Appendix: equations of research to identify the "plastic" corpus -- 1.6. Bibliography -- Chapter 2: Plastic Waste and the Environment -- 2.1. Introduction: waste and the environment -- 2.2. The end of life of plastic parts -- 2.2.1. Reduction at source -- 2.2.2. Hierarchy of choice of valorization -- 2.2.3. Inventory -- 2.2.4. Specific difficulties with the physical recycling of plastics -- 2.2.5. The recycling chain -- 2.2.6. Physical recycling in solution -- 2.2.7. The use of recycled materials -- 2.2.8. Chemical recycling -- 2.2.9. Energetic valorization -- 2.2.10. Landfilling -- 2.3. Conclusion -- 2.4. Bibliography -- Chapter 3: Polymers and Marine Litter -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. The cycle of litter at sea -- 3.2.1. Methods -- 3.2.2. Nature and quantity of litter reaching the sea -- 3.2.3. Sources -- 3.2.4. Fate and distribution -- 3.2.5. Oceanic convergence zone -- 3.3. The degradation of litter at sea -- 3.4. The effect of marine litter on the environment -- 3.5. Socio-economic aspects -- 3.5.1. Legal aspects (laws, conventions and directives) -- 3.5.2. Initiatives -- 3.5.3. Understanding and educating -- 3.6. Conclusion -- 3.7. Acknowledgment -- 3.8. Bibliography -- Chapter 4: Between Prejudice and Realities: How Plastics Are Essential for the Future.

4.1. From a gloomy picture to a solution for the future -- 4.1.1. An antiplastic crisis with often paradoxical consequences -- 4.1.2. The world as it is … 2030 -- 4.1.3. Vital qualities of plastics -- 4.1.3.1. Participation to the development of food resources -- 4.1.3.2. Conserving water resources and creating more -- 4.1.3.3. Reducing energy needs -- 4.1.3.4. Decreasing emissions of greenhouse gases -- 4.2. Engineering polymers: what is wonderful, what is reassuring? -- 4.2.1. Plastics and their ignored positives effects on the preservation of the environment -- 4.2.2. Lightweight plastic, a quality that induces environmental performance -- 4.2.3. When plastics protect us… -- 4.2.4. How plastics will prevail in the future energy solution? -- 4.2.5. Plastics at the heart of technological advancement -- 4.3. Plastic industries: progress to be made -- 4.3.1. Environmental issues, the European plastics industrial acts -- 4.3.2. From polluting plastics to non-disposable plastics -- 4.3.3. Recycling and valorization: the French cultural handicap -- 4.3.4. Bisphenol A or how to spread anxiety and misinformation -- 4.3.5. Bioplastics: from advertising to reality -- 4.4. Conclusion -- 4.5. Bibliography -- Chapter 5: Lifecycle Assessment and Green Chemistry: A Look at Innovative Tools for Sustainable Development -- 5.1. Contextual element -- 5.1.1. The chemical industry mobilized to deal with global upsets -- 5.1.2. New stresses being exerted on industrial chemistry -- 5.2. Lifecycle assessment, as an eco-design tool: definitions and concepts -- 5.2.1. Eco-design: some definitions -- 5.2.2. Lifecycle assessment: definitions and concept -- 5.2.3. Definition of the goals and scope of the lifecycle assessment -- 5.2.4. Lifecycle inventory analysis -- 5.2.5. Lifecycle impact assessment -- 5.2.6. Lifecycle interpretation -- 5.3. Green chemistry and eco-design.

5.4. Limitations of the tool -- 5.4.1. Importance of the hypotheses -- 5.4.2. Relevance of the inventory data -- 5.4.3. Influence of rules of allocation -- 5.4.4. The choice to recycle -- 5.5. Conclusions: the future of eco-design -- 5.6. Bibliography -- Chapter 6: Are Bioplastics "Green" Plastics? -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Bioplastics and LCA - some basic points -- 6.2.1. Overview of methods used and results obtained -- 6.2.2. Limitations of the LCA methodology for the study of bioplastics -- 6.2.3. Advantage to an additional qualitative approach -- 6.3. Bioplastics in light of the 12 commandments of green chemistry -- 6.3.1. The twelve principles of green chemistry: a reference framework -- 6.3.2. Examples of use of this referential framework -- 6.3.3. Practical case study: Bio-PET, decryption of a communication and avenues for improvement -- 6.4. Conclusion -- 6.5. Bibliography -- 6.5.1. Websites -- Chapter 7: Environmental Characterization of Materials for Product Design -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Environmental characterization for a drink container -- 7.2.1. Description of the case study -- 7.2.2. Characterization of materials by LCA -- 7.2.2.1. Perimeter -- 7.2.2.2. Method and indicators -- 7.2.2.3. Environmental evaluation for 1 kg of material (FU1) -- 7.2.2.4. Environmental evaluation for the lifecycle of the materials (FU2) -- 7.2.2.5. Discussion -- 7.2.2.5.1. Compromise between multi-indicator and single-score criteria -- 7.2.2.5.2. Limitations of LCA for environmental characterization of materials -- 7.3. Suggested indicators for the materials considered in this example -- 7.4. Conclusion -- 7.5. Bibliography -- Chapter 8: Choice of Materials and Environmental Impact: Case of a Water Bottle -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Functional analysis -- 8.2.1. Functional analysis of a bottle -- 8.3. Choice of materials.

8.3.1. Expression of the specifications -- 8.3.2. List of properties relating to choice of material -- 8.3.2.1. General properties -- 8.3.2.2. Mechanical properties -- 8.3.2.3. Thermal properties -- 8.3.2.4. Optical properties -- 8.3.2.5. Chemical properties -- 8.3.2.6. Suitability for processing -- 8.3.2.7. Properties relating to environmental impact -- 8.4. Suitability for processing -- 8.5. Integration of an environmental criterion -- 8.6. Conclusion -- 8.7. Appendix: modeling of cost index [ESA 03] -- 8.8. Bibliography -- Chapter 9: Formulation and Development of Biodegradable and Bio-based Multiphase Materials: Plasticized Starch-based Materials -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Biodegradable polymers -- 9.2.1. Concepts: biodegradability and renewal -- 9.2.1.1. Biodegradability and compostability -- 9.2.1.2. Origin of carbon and sustainable development -- 9.2.2. Classifications of biodegradable polymers -- 9.2.3. The case of biodegradable polyesters -- 9.2.3.1. Introduction -- 9.2.3.2. Bio-based polyesters -- 9.2.3.2.1. Polylactic acid (PLA) -- 9.2.3.2.2. Polyhydroxylalkanoates (PHAs) -- 9.2.3.3. Fossil resource-based polyesters -- 9.2.3.3.1. Polycaprolactone (PCL) -- 9.2.3.3.2. Aliphatic copolyesters -- 9.2.3.3.3. Aromatic copolyesters -- 9.2.4. Agro-polymers -- 9.2.4.1. Introduction -- 9.2.4.2. Native starch -- 9.3. Plasticized starch -- 9.3.1. General points -- 9.3.2. Implementation and rheology of plasticized starch -- 9.3.3. Behavior of plasticized starch in the solid state -- 9.3.3.1. Aging after processing -- 9.3.3.2. Crystallinity -- 9.3.3.3. Effect of water and non-volatile plasticizing agent on the behavior of plasticized starch -- 9.3.3.4. Physical properties of plasticized starch -- 9.3.4. Issues and strategies -- 9.4. Biodegradable multiphase systems based on plasticized starch.

9.4.1. Structures of plasticized starch-based multiphase systems -- 9.4.2. Plasticized starch-based blends -- 9.4.3. Plasticized starch-based multilayers -- 9.4.4. Plasticized starch-based composites -- 9.4.4.1. Biocomposites based on (ligno)cellulosic fibers -- 9.4.4.2. Other biocomposites -- 9.4.5. The case of plasticized starch-based nanobiocomposites -- 9.4.5.1. Nanobiocomposites with polysaccharide-based nanofillers -- 9.4.5.1.1. Cellulose whiskers -- 9.4.5.1.2. Starch monocrystals [LEC 10] -- 9.4.5.2. Nanoclay-based nanobiocomposites -- 9.4.5.2.1. Montmorillonite-based nanobiocomposite structures -- 9.4.5.2.2. Properties of montmorillonite-based nanobiocomposites -- 9.5. Acknowledgments -- 9.6. Bibliography -- Chapter 10: Different Strategies for Ecoplastics Development -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. General points about the lifecycle of plastics -- 10.3. Energy -- 10.4. Material -- 10.4.1. Minimizing waste -- 10.4.2. Favoring sustainable and renewable -- 10.5. The solution of ecoplastics -- 10.6. Scenario with compostable ecoplastic -- 10.6.1. Creation of a mixture of biodegradable polymers -- 10.6.1.1. Structure of poly(ε-caprolactone) -- 10.6.1.2. Structure of starch -- 10.6.1.3. Functionalization of starch by the action of formic acid -- 10.6.1.4. Starch formate/PCL mixture -- 10.6.2. Characterization of starch/PCL mixtures -- 10.6.2.1. Mechanical properties -- 10.6.2.2. Measuring the biodegradability of starch/PCL mixtures by respirometry -- 10.7. Scenario with a recyclable ecoplastic -- 10.7.1. Sources of plastic waste -- 10.7.2. Concept of recyclability -- 10.7.3. Recyclability of bisphenol A poly(carbonate) waste -- 10.7.3.1. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) -- 10.7.3.2. Rheological analysis -- 10.7.3.3. Analysis of UV irradiation resistance.

10.7.4. Bonding of rubber and poly(carbonate) waste.