Cover -- Acknowledgements -- Translation Index of Selected Judicial Terms -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Methodical Introduction -- A. The Term 'Comparative Law' -- B. Classification and Derivation of Comparative Law from other Disciplines -- 1. Classification of Comparative Law as a "pure science" -- 2. Comparative Law, a Part of Jurisprudence? -- 3. Resume -- C. Tasks and Aims of Comparative Law -- D. Methods of Comparative Law -- 1. Case Method and Scientific-Theoretical Comparative Law -- 2. The Functional Method of Comparative Law -- 3. The Delineation of Comparative Law to other Disciplines -- Chapter 2 Preparatory Country Report -- A. Choosing the Appropriate Reference Country -- B. The U.S. Legal System -- 1. The Common Law System -- 1.1. Origin and Development of the Common Law in the United States of America -- 1.2. Common Law in the United States of America as of today -- 2. The U.S. Constitution -- 2.1. Structure and form of the U.S. Constitution -- 2.2. Separation of Powers -- 2.3. Constitutional Powers -- 2.4. Summary -- 3. U. S. American Criminal Law -- 3.1. Constitutional Base of Criminal Law -- 3.2. Legislative Competence and Institution -- 3.2.1. Federal Matters -- 3.2.1.1. Federal Legislative Competence -- 3.2.1.2. Federal Legislative Institution -- 3.2.2. State Matters -- 3.2.2.1. State Legislative Competence -- 3.2.2.2. State Legislative Institution -- 3.2.3. Summary -- 3.3. Manifestations of Criminal Law in the United States of America -- 3.3.1. Federal Criminal Law -- 3.3.2. State Criminal law -- 3.3.3. Summary -- 3.4. Jurisdiction and Competence of Criminal Courts -- 3.4.1. Federal Matters -- 3.4.1.1. Federal Courts -- 3.4.1.2. Applicable Federal Law -- 3.4.2. State Matters -- 3.4.2.1. State Courts -- 3.4.2.2. Applicable State Law -- 3.4.3. Summary -- C. The German Legal System -- 1. The Roman - Germanic Law System.

1.1. Origin and Development of Roman - Germanic Law in Germany -- 1.2. Roman - Germanic Law in Germany as of today -- 2. The German Constitution -- 2.1. Structure and Form of the German Constitution -- 2.2. Separation of Powers -- 2.3. Constitutional Powers -- 2.4. Summary -- 3. German Criminal Law -- 3.1. Constitutional Base of Criminal Law -- 3.2. Legislative Competence and Institution -- 3.3. Competence and Jurisdiction of Criminal Courts -- 3.4. Manifestation of Criminal Law -- 3.4.1. Enhancing Criminal Penalties according to German Criminal Law Doctrine -- 3.4.1.1. Aggravated Statute -- 3.4.1.2. Aggravated Ruling Example -- 3.4.1.3. Transfer of the General Penalty Enhancement Methodology to the matter of Hate Crime -- 3.4.2. Classification of Offenses -- 3.5. Sense and Purpose of Penalty according to the German Legal Doctrine -- 3.5.1. Absolute Penal Theory -- 3.5.2. Relative Penal Theory -- 3.5.2.1. General Prevention Theory -- 3.5.2.2. Specific Prevention Theory -- 3.5.3. Unification Theories -- 3.5.4. Summary -- D. Determination of the Legitimate Ambit of Criminal Law in Both Countries -- 1. Purpose of Criminal Law according to the American Penal TheoryPursuant to the prevailing U.S. opinion, the "[...] purpose for which power can -- 1.1. Content of the American Penal Theory: Harm Principle -- 1.1.1. Liberty-Limiting Principles -- 1.1.1.1. Offense-Principle -- 1.1.1.2. Legal Paternalism -- 1.1.1.3. Legal Moralism -- 1.1.1.4. Summary -- 1.1.2. Result: Harm-Principle as Main Principle among Possible Others -- 1.1.2.1. Word Meaning of 'Harm' in the Context of the Harm Principle -- a) Setback of Interests -- b) The Need to "Wrong" the Other -- c) Violation of Rights -- 1.1.2.2. Summary: Word Meaning of 'Harm' in the Context of the Harm Principle -- 1.2. Summary: Content of the American Penal Theory: Harm Principle.

2. Purpose of Criminal Law according to the German Penal Theory -- 2.1. Content of the German Legal Good Theory -- 2.1.1. Inbuilt or System-Critical Understanding of the Legal Good Doctrine -- 2.1.1.1. Inbuilt Understanding of the Legal Good Doctrine -- 2.1.1.2. System-Critical Understanding of the Legal Good Doctrine -- 2.1.2. Intermediate Result: System-Critical Understanding of the Legal Good Doctrine -- 2.1.3. Individual- and Collective Goods -- 2.1.4. Substantiality of the Term Legal Good -- 2.1.5. Intermediate Summary -- 2.1.6. Linking the Legal Good Theory to the Social Theory -- 2.1.7. Constitutional Guideposts -- 2.1.8. Result of a Critical Understanding of the Legal Good Theory -- 2.2. Result according the Content of the German Legal Good Theory -- 3. Purpose of Criminal Law according to the American and the German Penal Theory -- Chapter 3 Hate Crime in the United States of America -- A. Course of Action -- B. Emergence of the Hate Crime Concept in the USA -- 1. The Hate Crime Concept and the Role of Social Movements -- 1.1. Social Movements rumored to be the Author of the SocialPhenomenon Hate Crime -- 1.2. Propagation of the Term "Hate Crime" among American Society -- 1.3. Hate Crime Legislation as Problem-Solving Approach induced bySocial Movements -- 1.4. Influence of Social Movements on the Wording and the Compositionof Hate Crime Laws -- 2. Clarifying the Role of Social Movements -- 2.1. Social Problem "Hate Crime" - Real or Constructed? -- 2.2. Propagation of the Term "Hate Crime" among American Society -- 2.3. Hate Crime Legislation as a Problem - Solving Approach -- 2.4. Influences on the Wording and the Composition of Hate Crime Laws -- 3. Conclusion: Emergence of the Hate Crime Concept in the USA -- C. Beginnings of Hate Crime Legislation -- D. Effective Hate Crime Laws in the United States of America.

1. Federal Hate Crime Laws -- 1.1. Civil Rights Legislation -- 1.2. Hate Crime Statistic Act of 1990 -- 1.3. Violence Against Women Act -- 1.4. Hate Crime Sentencing Enhancement Act of 1994 -- 1.5. Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act -- 1.6. Conclusion of Current Federal Hate Crime Legislation -- 2. State Hate Crime Laws -- 2.1. The Launch of a Model Law -- 2.2. Legal Formation of State Law -- 2.2.1. Hate Crime Reporting Statutes -- 2.2.2. Paramilitary Training Laws -- 2.2.3. Legislation for Criminalizing Bias-Motivated Behavior -- 2.2.3.1. Substantial Hate Crime Statutes -- a) Substantial Hate Crime Statutes refering to previously PenalizedBehavior -- b) "Real" Substantial Hate Crime Statutes -- aa) Cross Burning Legislation -- bb) Intimidation Statutes -- cc) State Civil Rights Laws -- dd) Conclusion "Real" Substantive Hate Crime Statutes -- 2.2.3.2. Sentencing Enhancement Laws -- 2.2.3.3. Overview of Various State Laws and their provided Definition ofHate Crime -- a) Alabama -- b) California -- c) Connecticut -- d) Georgia -- e) Louisiana -- f) Virginia -- g) Washington -- 3. Ambiguity of Hate Crime Laws in the American Nation -- E. Brief Look at the American Justification of Hate Crime Laws -- F. The Standards set by U. S. Supreme Courts -- G. Conclusion: Hate Crime in the United States of America -- Chapter 4 Hate Crime in Germany -- A. Historical Background of Hate Crime in its Social and Criminal Political Context (Brief Overview) -- B. The Hate Crime "Concept" in Germany -- 1. Early Beginnings of Data Collection -- 2. Data Collection in the Present Day -- 3. Comparison -- 4. Operation of the Data Acquisition System -- 5. Hate Crime Situation in Case Numbers -- 6. Significance of these Numbers -- 7. Result: German Hate Crime "Concept" -- C. Legal Dealing with Hate Crime.

1. Draft Bill of Baden-Wuerttemberg Drs. 564/00, dated September 21, 2000 -- 2. Draft Bill of Brandenburg Drs. 577/00, dated September 26, 2000 -- 3. Draft Bill of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Drs. 759/00, dated November 16, 2000 -- 4. Draft Bill of Brandenburg/Sachsen-Anhalt Drs. 572/07, dated August 20, 2007 -- 5. Draft Bill of the Federal Council Drs. 458/08, dated July 4, 2008 -- 6. Draft Bill of the Federal Council Drs. 17/9345, dated April 18, 2012 -- 7. Descriptive Summary and Evaluation of the Draft Laws -- 8. Symbolic Reasoning of Hate Crime Law -- 9. Comparison of the German Drafts with American Laws on Hate Crimes -- 10. Conclusion Legal Dealing with Hate Crime -- D. Judicial Dealing with Hate Crime -- 1. Judicial Recognition of Bias-Motivation in Homicide -- 2. Judicial Recognition of Bias-Motivation Apart from Homicides -- 3. Hate Crime in the Light of Section 46 Penal Code -- 4. Limited Verifiability of Judicial Sentencing Practice -- 5. Conclusion -- E. Parenthesis -- 1. European Criminal Law Initiatives -- 1.1. Demands of ECRI for Fighting Hate Crime -- 1.2. Demands of the OSCE for Fighting Hate Crime -- 2. Conclusion -- F. Brief Review -- G. Eligibility Check of Hate Crime Legislation according to German Criminal Law Doctrine -- 1. The Enactment of a Substantive Norm to Punish Hateful and Bias-Motivated Criminal Behavior -- 1.1. Possible Goods Protected by a Hate Crime Law -- 1.1.1. Human Dignity of the Immediate Victim -- 1.1.2. Human Dignity of the Victim's Community -- 1.1.3. Public Peace -- 1.2. Priority of Protected Legal Goods -- 1.3. Legitimacy of Hate Crime Legislation according to the Legal Good Doctrine -- 1.3.1. Precepts of the Legal Good Doctrine -- 1.3.2. Legitimization of Hate Crime Legislation according to the Social Theory -- 1.3.3. Legitimization of Hate Crime Legislation according to Constitutional Provisions.

1.3.3.1. Constitutional Obligation to enact Hate Crime Penal Law.