Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1: Perspectives on Aging -- Basic Concepts in Physical Aging -- Lessened Reserve Capacity -- Patterns of Disease -- References -- Chapter 2: Theories of Aging -- Stochastic Theories -- Nonstochastic Theories -- Psychosocial Theories of Aging -- Maslow's Hierarchy of Basic Human Needs -- Erikson's Stage Theory of Development -- Peck's Tasks of Middle and Old Age -- Other Developmental Views -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 3: The Skin, Hair, and Nails -- The Skin -- Psychosocial Implications -- Components of the Skin -- The Epidermis -- The Dermis -- The Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer) -- Functions of the Skin -- The Hair -- The Nails -- Age-Related Changes in the Skin -- Aging and the Epidermis -- Aging and the Dermis -- Aging and the Hypodermis -- Age-Related Changes in the Hair -- Age-Related Changes in the Nails -- Age-Related Disorders of the Skin -- Xerosis -- Rashes -- Senile Purpura -- Pruritis (Severe Itching) -- Solar Elastosis (Skin Aging Caused by Sun Exposure) -- Keratosis (Horny Growth) -- Psoriasis -- Skin Tags -- Herpes Zoster (Shingles) -- Pressure Ulcers (Decubitus Ulcers) -- Venous and Arterial Stasis Ulcers -- Skin Cancer -- Prevention of Skin Cancer -- Tips for Maintaining Healthy Skin -- References -- Chapter 4: The Musculoskeletal System -- The Skeletal System -- Components and Functions -- Age-Related Changes in the Skeletal System -- Age-Related Skeletal System Disorders -- Osteoporosis -- Arthritis -- Osteomalacia -- Paget's Disease -- The Muscles -- Components and Functions of the Muscles -- Specific Age-Related Changes in Muscles -- Specific Age-Related Disorders in Muscles -- Muscle Cramps -- Myasthenia Gravis -- Polymyalgia Rheumatica -- Bursitis -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 5: The Nervous System.

The Central Nervous System -- The Brain -- The Cerebrum -- The Diencephalon -- The Brainstem -- The Cerebellum -- The Spinal Cord -- The Peripheral Nervous System -- The Somatic Nervous System -- The Autonomic Nervous System -- Age-Related Changes in the Nervous System -- Age-Related Nervous System Disorders -- Tremor -- Parkinson's Disease (A Form of Parkinsonism) -- Tardive Dyskinesia -- Brain Tumors -- Stroke -- Dementia -- Sleep Disorders -- Learning and Memory -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 6: Dementia and Delirium -- Changes in Categorizing Dementias and Delirium -- Delirium -- Diagnosis and Treatment -- Mild Neurocognitive Disorder -- Major Neurocognitive Disorder -- Primary Dementias -- Alzheimer's Disease -- Etiology -- Treatment -- General Guidelines for Caring for Those With Alzheimer's Disease -- Prevention -- Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration -- Dementia Associated With Huntington's Disease -- Dementia With Lewy Bodies -- Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease -- Vascular Dementia -- Secondary Dementias -- Dementia Associated With Parkinson's Disease and Other Movement Disorders -- HIV-Associated Dementia -- Reversible Dementias -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 7: The Sensory Systems -- Vision -- Age-Related Changes in Vision -- Specific Implications of Age-Related Visual Changes -- General Implications of Age-Related Visual Changes -- Age-Related Disorders of the Visual System -- Cataract -- Glaucoma -- Diabetic Retinopathy -- Age-Related Macular Degeneration -- Audition (Hearing) -- Age-Related Changes in Hearing -- Implications of Age-Related Hearing Impairments -- Age-Related Disorders of Hearing -- Tinnitus -- Vestibular System -- Age-Related Changes in the Vestibular System -- Age-Related Disorders of the Vestibular System -- Meniere's Disease/Vestibular Neuritis -- Taste (Gustation) -- Age-Related Changes in Taste -- Smell (Olfaction).

Age-Related Changes in Smell -- Age-Related Disorders in Taste and Smell -- Skin (Cutaneous) Senses -- Age-Related Changes in Skin Senses -- The Importance of Sensory Changes in Aging -- References -- Chapter 8: The Cardiovascular System -- Anatomy and Physiology of the Cardiovascular System -- The Blood -- Functions of the Blood -- The Lymphatic System -- The Blood-Vascular System -- The Heart -- Blood Circulation -- Maintenance of Circulation -- Blood Pressure -- Age-Related Cardiovascular Changes -- Age-Related Structural Changes -- Age-Related Functional Changes -- Age-Related Disorders of the Cardiovascular System -- Arteriosclerosis and Atherosclerosis -- Hypertension -- Risk Factors for Development of Cardiovascular Disease -- Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension -- Postural Hypotension -- Acute Coronary Syndrome -- Angina Pectoris -- Myocardial Infarction -- Congestive Heart Failure or Heart Failure -- Heart Valve Disease -- Cardiac Arrhythmias and Conduction Disorders -- Transient Ischemic Attack -- Cerebrovascular Accident -- Vascular Disorders -- Aneurysm -- Arterial Occlusion -- Varicose Veins -- Phlebitis and Deep Vein Thrombosis -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 9: The Respiratory System -- Structures of the Respiratory System -- Air Passageways -- The Lungs -- Functions of the Respiratory System -- Breathing -- External and Internal Respiration -- Age-Related Changes in the Respiratory System -- Age-Related Disorders of the Respiratory System -- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease -- Chronic Bronchitis -- Emphysema -- Pulmonary Tuberculosis -- Pneumonia -- Lung Cancer -- Prevention of Respiratory Disease -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 10: The Gastrointestinal System -- Components and Functions of the Gastrointestinal System -- Digestion -- The Mouth -- The Pharynx and Esophagus -- The Stomach.

The Small Intestine, Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas -- The Large Intestine -- Age-Related Changes in the Gastrointestinal System -- Age-Related Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System -- Age-Related Disorders of the Mouth -- Age-Related Disorders of the Esophagus -- Age-Related Disorders of the Stomach -- Age-Related Disorders of the Small Intestine -- Age-Related Disorders of the Large Intestine -- Age-Related Disorders of the Pancreas -- Age-Related Disorders of the Liver -- Age-Related Disorders of the Gallbladder -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 11: The Urinary System -- Structure of the Kidneys -- Functions of the Urinary System -- Glomerular Filtration -- Tubular Reabsorption -- Tubular Secretion -- System Dynamics -- Age-Related Changes in the Urinary System -- Age-Related Disorders of the Urinary System -- Urinary Tract Infections -- Cystitis (Lower Urinary Tract Infection) -- Pyelonephritis (Upper Urinary Tract Infection) -- Acute Glomerulonephritis -- Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia -- Urolithiasis (Kidney Stone Disease) -- Cancer of the Bladder -- Urinary Incontinence -- Renal Failure -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 12: The Reproductive System -- Components and Functions of the Female Reproductive System -- Age-Related Changes in the Female Reproductive System -- Age-Related Disorders of the Female Reproductive System -- Atrophic Vaginitis -- Pelvic Organ Prolapse (Cystocele, Rectocele, and Prolapsed Uterus) -- Cancer -- Components and Functions of the Male Reproductive System -- Age-Related Changes in the Male Reproductive System -- Age-Related Disorders of the Male Reproductive System -- Prostate Enlargement (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia) -- Cancer of the Prostate -- Sexuality -- References -- Chapter 13: The Endocrine System -- Structure of the Endocrine System -- Pituitary Gland -- Thyroid Gland -- Parathyroid Glands.

Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands -- Pancreas -- Pineal Gland, Thymus Gland, and Gonads -- Age-Related Changes and Disorders of the Endocrine System -- Aging and the Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) -- Aging and the Thyroid Gland -- Hyperthyroidism -- Hypothyroidism -- Aging and the Parathyroid Glands -- Aging and the Adrenal Glands -- Aging and the Pancreas -- Diagnosis and Treatment for Diabetes -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 14: The Immune System -- Structure of the Immune System -- The Lymphatic System -- Age-Related Changes in the Immune System -- Age-Related Disorders of the Immune System -- HIV/AIDS in Older Adults -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 15: Aging With Lifelong Disabilities -- Congenital Versus Acquired Disability -- The Complexity of Aging With Disabilities -- Developmental and Intellectual Disabilities -- The Aging Population With Intellectual Disabilities -- General Aging Issues -- Specific Aging Issues With Down Syndrome -- Aging With Cerebral Palsy -- The Obesity Epidemic in Adults With Intellectual Disability -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 16: Special Topics (Alcoholism, Falls, Foot Care, Pain) -- Alcoholism -- Physical Effects of Alcohol Abuse in Older Adults -- Aging Changes and Alcohol -- Identification and Treatment -- Falls -- Evaluation and Prevention of Falls -- Foot Care -- Foot Disorders and Treatment -- Proper Foot Care -- Pain -- Classification of Pain -- References -- Alcoholism -- Falls -- Foot Care -- Pain -- Chapter 17: Health Promotion and Exercise -- Health Promotion -- Disease Prevention -- Primary and Secondary Disease Prevention Guidelines -- Tertiary Disease Prevention Guidelines -- Strategies for Change -- The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act -- Barriers to Health Promotion -- Exercise -- Age-Related Changes Modified by Exercise -- Exercise Programs -- Types of Exercise.

Motivation to Exercise.