Cover -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Acronyms and abbreviations -- SECTION I: Introduction to infectious disease surveillance -- CHAPTER 1: Surveillance as a foundation for infectious disease prevention and control -- Background and rationale -- Definitions -- Public health disease surveillance -- Newer types of surveillance -- Historical development of infectious disease surveillance -- Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 2: The legal basis for public health surveillance -- Introduction -- The roles of state and federal laws in infectious disease surveillance -- Privacy Act of 1974 -- HIPAA Privacy Rule -- Public Health Service Act -- Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act -- Freedom of Information Act -- State laws -- The limits of the law -- Examples from recent infectious disease outbreaks -- Key summary points for public health practitioners -- References -- CHAPTER 3: National, state, and local public health surveillance systems -- Organization and roles of public health infectious disease surveillance infrastructure in the United States and steps in the surveillance process -- State and local public health organization and roles -- Surveillance process roles and responsibilities -- Analysis and use of surveillance data -- State reportable and national notifiable condition surveillance -- Methods used for surveillance -- Active versus passive surveillance -- Laboratory-based surveillance -- Other surveillance -- Resources -- Electronic methods and other recent innovations -- Integrated and interoperable surveillance systems -- Electronic laboratory results reporting -- Electronic public health case reporting -- Standards-based case notification to CDC -- Conclusion -- References.

CHAPTER 4: Quarantine and the role of surveillance in nineteenth-century public health -- Overview -- Introduction -- Debating quarantine and yellow fever, 1850-1880 -- Summary -- References -- SECTION II: Specific surveillance systems -- CHAPTER 5: Surveillance for vaccine-preventable diseases and immunization -- Introduction -- Step one: understanding the background: burden and risk factors of VPD illness and transmission processes of the target pathogen -- Step two: understanding the vaccines -- Step three: identify the data sources for disease surveillance and their availability, strengths, and weaknesses -- Step four: assessing the performance: conducting post-marketing VPD surveillance and assessing vaccine effectiveness -- Step five: preparing for the unexpected and continuing the evaluation -- What if the sample size is too small to detect an uncommon adverse event possibly associated with the vaccine? -- What are the effects of a population-wide vaccination program on individuals who are not vaccinated? -- What is the impact of inclusion of a substance that was not originally intended to be in the vaccine? -- Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 6: Surveillance for seasonal and novel influenza viruses -- Introduction -- Clinical, epidemiological, and virological characteristics and implications for surveillance -- Possible surveillance schemes -- Virologic surveillance -- Outpatient sentinel surveillance -- Integration of clinical, epidemiological, and virological surveillance -- Use of qualitative indicators -- Indirect indicators of influenza circulation -- Surveillance of severe influenza cases -- Animal influenza surveillance -- Surveillance during a pandemic -- Monitoring of vaccination programs -- Vaccination coverage monitoring -- Vaccination safety monitoring -- Vaccination effectiveness monitoring -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements.

References -- CHAPTER 7: Population-based surveillance for bacterial infections of public health importance -- Introduction -- History of ABCs -- ABCs sites and infrastructure -- ABCs methods -- Examples of use of ABCs data for specific pathogens -- Antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis to prevent early onset GBS -- Invasive pneumococcal disease surveillance and vaccine effectiveness studies -- Epidemiology and molecular surveillance of meningococcal disease -- Challenges and opportunities -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 8: Surveillance for foodborne diseases -- Introduction -- Objectives of foodborne-disease surveillance -- Methods for foodborne-disease surveillance -- Notifiable diseases -- Laboratory-based surveillance and subtyping -- Surveillance at sentinel sites -- Hospital discharge records and death registration -- Foodborne-disease complaint systems -- Outbreak reports -- Advances in the detection of foodborne outbreaks in the United States -- Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 9: Surveillance of healthcare-associated infections -- Introduction -- The purpose and value of HAI surveillance -- Concept of comparable rates -- National Healthcare Safety Network -- Questions to address before instituting HAI surveillance -- Limitations of rates for interhospital comparison -- Lack of severity of illness adjustment -- Difficulties of HAI surveillance in the outpatient and home healthcare settings -- The role of microbiologic surveillance in the control and prevention of HAI -- Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 10: Surveillance for zoonotic diseases -- Introduction -- Transmission -- Public health risk -- Emerging zoonotic disease and global impact -- Zoonotic disease surveillance -- Approaches to surveillance -- Integrated approach to surveillance in humans and animals -- Novel zoonotic disease surveillance systems.

Bioterrorism -- Stakeholders -- National surveillance and reporting -- Global surveillance and reporting -- Examples of surveillance for zoonotic diseases -- Rabies -- Brucellosis -- Plague -- Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 11: Surveillance of viral hepatitis infections -- Introduction -- Clinical background of viral hepatitis -- Epidemiology of viral hepatitis -- Purpose of viral hepatitis surveillance -- Surveillance methods -- Acute viral hepatitis -- Chronic HBV and HCV infections -- Progress in viral hepatitis surveillance -- Surveillance Mechanisms -- Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 12: Surveillance for sexually transmitted diseases -- Introduction -- Health impact of STDs -- Objectives of STD surveillance -- Challenges in STD surveillance -- Strategies for STD surveillance -- Case reporting -- Sentinel surveillance -- Opportunistic surveillance -- Population-based studies -- Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 13: Surveillance for HIV in the United States -- Introduction: biology and natural history of HIV -- Surveillance implications of the unique epidemiology of HIV -- The impact of stigma on the development of HIV surveillance systems -- Surveillance methods for HIV -- Case identification -- Data sources and case-finding -- Electronic laboratory reporting -- Surveillance activities specific to HIV -- Data sources and data flow -- Record linkage and registry matches -- Evaluation of HIV surveillance programs and performance standards -- Data management -- Role of information technology staff and data managers -- Training and technical assistance for HIV surveillance staff -- Security and confidentiality -- Uses of HIV surveillance data -- Expanded surveillance -- Incidence surveillance -- Molecular HIV surveillance -- Behavioral surveillance -- Clinical surveillance -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References.

CHAPTER 14: Public health surveillance for tuberculosis -- Introduction -- Laboratory detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis -- TB case verification criteria -- History of tuberculosis surveillance in the United States -- Current tuberculosis reporting in the United States -- Tuberculosis surveillance data reporting and publication -- Quality, completeness, and timeliness of reporting -- References -- SECTION III: Methods used in surveillance and data analysis -- CHAPTER 15: Analysis and interpretation of surveillance data -- Introduction -- Challenge 1: understand the purpose and context of surveillance systems -- Challenge 2: identify baselines and recognize deviations -- Standardize observations -- Ensure precise case definitions -- Analyze denominator data -- Ensure systematic presentation -- Compare observations over time -- Use visual display of data -- Analyze aberrations -- Employ molecular analysis -- Challenges 3, 4, and 5: interpretation of meaning, significance, and degree of certainty -- Characterize person, place, and time -- Define epidemic thresholds -- Ascertain degree of certainty -- Challenge 6: communicate for public health action -- Evolving approaches to disease detection, analysis, and interpretation -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- CHAPTER 16: Global surveillance for emerging infectious diseases -- Introduction -- Overview of surveillance -- Definition of terms -- Architecture of systems for global surveillance and outbreak response -- Key developments in approaches to global surveillance -- 2005 revision to International Health Regulations -- Increasing interest in surveillance for security purposes -- Increased adoption of syndromic surveillance systems -- Increased availability of electronic health information -- Development of surveillance efforts to predict future disease threats -- Remaining challenges.

Inadequate laboratory capabilities and clinical expertise to detect diseases.