Surface Chemistry of Surfactants and Polymers -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acronyms -- Chapter 1 Types of Surfactants, their Synthesis, and Applications -- Definition of a Surfactant -- Surfactants Adsorb at Interfaces -- Surfactants Aggregate in Solution and at Interfaces -- All Surfactants Contain at Least One Polar Head Group and at Least One Hydrophobic Tail -- Surface Active Compounds are Plentiful in Nature -- Surfactant Raw Materials may be Based on Petrochemicals or Oleochemicals -- Surfactants are Classified by the Polar Head Group -- Anionics -- Nonionics -- Cationics -- Zwitterionics -- Hydrotropes and Solubilization -- Gemini Surfactants have Special Features -- Synthesis -- Gemini Surfactants are More Efficient -- Cleavable Surfactants are Attractive from an Environmental Point of View -- Background -- Alkali-Labile Surfactants -- Normal Ester Quats -- Betaine Esters -- Acid-Labile Surfactants -- Acetals -- Ortho Esters -- Overview -- Self-Aggregation of a Surfactant may Increase or Decrease the Hydrolysis Rate of Surfactants Containing a Labile Bond -- Increased Hydrolysis Rate-Micellar Catalysis -- Decreased Hydrolysis Rate-Micellar Inhibition -- Use of Polymerizable Surfactants is a Way to Immobilize the Surfactant -- Mode of Surfactant Polymerization -- Position of the Polymerizable Group -- Applications of Polymerizable Surfactants -- Emulsion Polymerization -- Alkyd Emulsions -- Surface Modification -- Surfactant Self-Assemblies -- Special Surfactants Give Extreme Surface Tension Reduction -- Bibliography -- Chapter 2 Environmental and Health Aspects of Surfactants -- Environmental Concern is a Strong Driving Force for Surfactant Development -- The Polar Head Group -- Polyol Surfactants -- Amino Acid-Based Surfactants -- The Hydrocarbon Tail -- Biodegradability.

The Rate of Biodegradation Depends on the Surfactant Structure -- Aquatic Toxicity -- Bioaccumulation -- Other Regulatory Concerns -- Dermatological Aspects of Surfactants -- REACH -- Bibliography -- Chapter 3 Two Fundamental Forces in Surface and Colloid Chemistry -- Counterion Binding Affects Self-Assembly and Adsorption of Surfactants and Polymers -- Micelle Formation and Interaction of Micelles -- Adsorption of Surfactants at Nonpolar Surfaces -- Polymer Systems -- Colloidal Stability -- The Hydrophobic Effect is due to the High Energy Density of Water -- Ordering of the Water Leads to an Enthalpy-Entropy Compensation -- The Solubility of Hydrocarbons Increases due to Water Structuring -- Bibliography -- Chapter 4 Surfactant Self-Assembly: General Aspects and Spherical Micelles -- Amphiphilic Molecules Self-Assemble -- Surfactants Start to Form Micelles at the CMC -- CMC Depends on Chemical Structure -- Temperature and Cosolutes Affect CMC -- The Solubility of Surfactants may be Strongly Temperature Dependent -- Driving Forces of Micelle Formation and Thermodynamic Models -- Hydrophobic Interactions -- Phase Separation Model -- Mass Action Law Model -- The Association Process and Counterion Binding can be Monitored by NMR Spectroscopy -- Hydrophobic Compounds can be Solubilized in Micelles -- Micelle Size and Structure -- A Geometrical Consideration of Chain Packing Is Useful -- Kinetics of Micelle Formation -- Surfactants may Form Aggregates in Solvents Other than Water -- General Comments on Amphiphile Self-Assembly -- Bibliography -- Chapter 5 Introduction to Phase Diagrams -- The Phase Rule Regulates the Number of Phases -- Binodal and Spinodal-Metastable and Unstable -- The Gibbs Triangle -- Phase Behavior and the Gibbs Triangle -- Examples of How to Read Phase Diagrams -- Temperature is an Important Parameter.

Four Components can be Represented by Pseudo-Phase Diagrams -- Complexes Formed from Species of Opposite Charge Represent Complicated Phase Diagrams -- Bibliography -- Chapter 6 Surfactant Self-Assembly: Beyond the Spherical Micelle -- Micelle Type and Size Vary with Concentration -- Micellar Growth is Different for Different Systems -- The Shape of the Micelles Affects the Rheology of Solutions of Gemini Surfactants -- Surfactant Phases are Built up by Discrete or Infinite Self-Assemblies -- Micellar Solutions can Reach Saturation -- Structures of Liquid Crystalline Phases -- Micellar Cubic Phase -- Hexagonal Phase -- Lamellar Phase -- Bicontinuous Cubic Phases -- Reversed Structures -- How to Determine Phase Diagrams -- Binary Surfactant-Water Phase Diagrams can be Very Different -- Three-Component Phase Diagrams are Complex but have a Direct Bearing on Applications -- Surfactant Geometry and Packing Determine Aggregate Structure: The Packing Parameter is a useful Concept -- Polar Lipids Show the same Phase Behavior as other Amphiphiles -- Liquid Crystalline Phases may form in Solvents other than Water -- Bibliography -- Chapter 7 Surfactants and Polymers Containing Oxyethylene Groups Show a Complex Behavior -- Polyoxyethylene Chains make up the Hydrophilic Part of Many Surfactants and Polymers -- CMC and Micellar Size of Oxyethylene-Based Surfactants are Strongly Temperature Dependent -- Phase Diagrams are Very Different at Different Temperatures -- The L3 or "Sponge" Phase -- Sequence of Self-Assembly Structures as a Function of Temperature -- The Critical Packing Parameter and the Spontaneous Curvature Concepts are Useful Tools -- Clouding is a Characteristic Feature of Polyoxyethylene-Based Surfactants and many Nonionic Polymers -- Clouding is Strongly Dependent on Cosolutes.

Physicochemical Properties of Block Copolymers Containing Polyoxyethylene Segments Resemble those of Polyoxyethylene-Based Surfactants -- Temperature Anomalies of Oxyethylene-Based Surfactants and Polymers are Ubiquitous -- Temperature Anomalies are Present in Solvents Other than Water and for Other Polymers -- Bibliography -- Chapter 8 Surfactant Adsorption at Solid Surfaces -- Surfactant Adsorption at Hydrophobic Surfaces -- Nonionic Surfactants at Hydrophobic Surfaces -- Ionic Surfactants at Hydrophobic Surfaces -- Surfactant Adsorption at Hydrophilic Surfaces -- Nonionic Surfactants at Hydrophilic Surfaces -- Ionic Surfactants at Hydrophilic Surfaces -- Surfactant Self-Assemblies at Surfaces Have Various Shapes -- Strong Interaction with the Surface Can Give Epitaxial Effects -- Adsolublization is the Solubilization of Substrates in the Surface Aggregates -- Analysis of Surfactant Adsorption Isotherms -- Model Surfaces and Methods to Determine Adsorption -- Dispersed Systems -- Macroscopic Surfaces -- Bibliography -- Chapter 9 Polymers in Solution -- Polymer Properties are Governed by the Choice of Monomers -- Molecular Weight is an Important Parameter -- Dissolving a Polymer can be a Problem -- The Solubility Parameter is Used to Find the Right Solvent -- Polyelectrolytes are Polymers with Charges -- Polymer Size and Shape are Important Characteristics -- There are Various Classes of Water-Soluble Polymers -- Polymers are Used as Thickeners -- Polymers in Solution Differ from Ordinary Mixtures -- There is a Bridge to Colloidal Systems -- Phase Equilibrium Considerations -- Mixtures of Two Polymers in Water -- Bibliography -- Chapter 10 Surface Active Polymers -- Surface Active Polymers can be Designed in Different Ways -- Polymers with a Hydrophilic Backbone and Hydrophobic Side Chains.

Polymers with a Hydrophobic Backbone and Hydrophilic Side Chains -- Polymers with Alternating Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Blocks -- Polymeric Surfactants have Attractive Properties -- Bibliography -- Chapter 11 Adsorption of Polymers at Solid Surfaces -- The Adsorbed Amount Depends on Polymer Molecular Weight -- Solubility has a Profound Influence on the Adsorption -- Adsorption of Polyelectrolytes -- Case I: Polyelectrolyte and the Surface Have Opposite Charge -- Case II: Polyelectrolyte and the Surface have the Same Charge -- Polymer Adsorption is Practically Irreversible -- Polymers can be Desorbed -- The Kinetics of Polymer Adsorption is Limited by Rearrangement -- Measurement of Polymer Adsorption -- Bibliography -- Chapter 12 Surface and Interfacial Tension -- The Surface Tension of Droplets Increases their Pressure -- Surface Tension is Related to Adsorption -- The Surface Tension of Surfactant Solutions -- Nonionic Surfactants -- Ionic Surfactants -- Dynamic Surface Tension -- Impurities in Surfactant Samples can Play a Major Role -- Hydrophobic Impurities -- Hydrophilic Impurities -- Surface Tension of Polymer Solutions -- Interfacial Tension -- Measurement of Surface Tension -- Equilibrium Surface Tension -- Dynamic Surface Tension -- Bibliography -- Chapter 13 Mixed Surfactant Systems -- The Behavior of Surfactant Mixtures Depends on the Relative Surface Activities and on Interactions -- The CMC of an Ideal Mixture has a Simple Relationship to the Individual CMC Values -- Systems of Surfactants with Similar Head Groups Require No Net Interaction -- Many Other Surfactant Systems Require a Net Interaction -- Mixtures of Anionic and Nonionic Surfactants -- Mixtures of Anionic and Cationic Surfactants -- Effect of the β Parameter for Different Ratios between the CMCs.

The Concept of Mixed Micelles can also be Applied to Amphiphiles not Forming Micelles.