Self-Healing Composites: Shape Memory Polymer Based Structures -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Thermosetting Polymers -- 1.2 Thermosetting Polymer Composites in Structure Applications -- 1.3 Damage in Fiber Reinforced Thermosetting Polymer Composite Structures -- 1.3.1 Damage in Laminated Composites -- 1.3.2 Damage in Sandwich Composites -- 1.3.3 Damage in 3-D Woven Fabric Reinforced Composites -- 1.3.4 Damage in Grid Stiffened Composites -- 1.4 Repair of Damage in Thermosetting Polymer Composite Structures -- 1.5 Classification of Self-Healing Schemes -- 1.6 Organization of This Book -- References -- 2 Self-Healing in Biological Systems -- 2.1 Self-Healing in Plants -- 2.2 Seal-Healing in Animals -- 2.2.1 Self-Healing by Self-Medicine -- 2.2.2 Self-Healing Lizard -- 2.2.3 Self-Healing Starfish -- 2.2.4 Self-Healing of Sea Cucumbers -- 2.2.5 Self-Healing of Earthworms -- 2.2.6 Self-Healing of Salamanders -- 2.3 Self-Healing in Human Beings -- 2.3.1 Psychological Self-Healing -- 2.3.2 Physiological Self-Healing -- 2.4 Summary -- 2.5 Implications from Nature -- References -- 3 Thermoset Shape Memory Polymer and Its Syntactic Foam -- 3.1 Characterization of Thermosetting SMP and SMP Based Syntactic Foam -- 3.1.1 SMP Based Syntactic Foam -- 3.1.2 Raw Materials and Syntactic Foam Preparation -- 3.1.3 DMA Testing -- 3.1.4 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy Analysis -- 3.1.5 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy -- 3.1.6 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Measurement -- 3.1.7 Isothermal Stress-Strain Behavior -- 3.1.8 Summary -- 3.2 Programming of Thermosetting SMPs -- 3.2.1 Classical Programming Methods -- 3.2.2 Programming at Temperatures Below Tg - Cold Programming -- 3.3 Thermomechanical Behavior of Thermosetting SMP and SMP Based Syntactic Foam Programmed Using the Classical Method.

3.3.1 One-Dimensional Stress-Controlled Compression Programming and Shape Recovery -- 3.3.2 Programming Using the 2-D Stress Condition and Free Shape Recovery -- 3.3.3 Programming Using the 3-D Stress Condition and Constrained Shape Recovery -- 3.4 Thermomechanical Behavior of Thermosetting SMP and SMP Based Syntactic Foam Programmed by Cold Compression -- 3.4.1 Cold-Compression Programming of Thermosetting SMP -- 3.4.2 Cold-Compression Programming of Thermosetting SMP Based Syntactic Foam -- 3.5 Behavior of Thermoset Shape Memory Polymer Based Syntactic Foam Trained by Hybrid Two-Stage Programming -- 3.5.1 Hybrid Two-Stage Programming -- 3.5.2 Free Shape Recovery Test -- 3.5.3 Thermomechanical Behavior -- 3.5.4 Recovery Sequence and Weak Triple Shape -- 3.5.5 Summary -- 3.6 Functional Durability of SMP Based Syntactic Foam -- 3.6.1 Programming the SMP Based Syntactic Foam -- 3.6.2 Environmental Conditioning -- 3.6.3 Stress Recovery Test -- 3.6.4 Summary -- References -- 4 Constitutive Modeling of Amorphous Thermosetting Shape Memory Polymer and Shape Memory Polymer Based Syntactic Foam -- 4.1 Some Fundamental Relations in the Kinematics of Continuum Mechanics -- 4.1.1 Deformation Gradient -- 4.1.2 Relation Between Deformation Gradient and Displacement Gradient -- 4.1.3 Polar Decomposition of Deformation Gradient -- 4.1.4 Definition of Strain -- 4.1.5 Velocity Gradient -- 4.2 Stress Definition in Solid Mechanics -- 4.3 Multiplicative Decomposition of Deformation Gradient -- 4.4 Constitutive Modeling of Cold-Compression Programmed Thermosetting SMP -- 4.4.1 General Considerations -- 4.4.2 Deformation Response -- 4.4.3 Structural Relaxation Response -- 4.4.4 Stress Response -- 4.4.5 Viscous Flow -- 4.4.6 Determination of Materials Constants -- 4.4.7 Model Validation -- 4.4.8 Prediction and Discussion -- 4.4.9 Summary.

4.5 Thermoviscoplastic Modeling of Cold-Compression Programmed Thermosetting Shape Memory Polymer Syntactic Foam -- 4.5.1 General Considerations -- 4.5.2 Kinematics -- 4.5.3 Constitutive Behavior of Glass Microsphere Inclusions -- 4.5.4 Model Summary -- 4.5.5 Determination of Materials Constants -- 4.5.6 Model Validation -- 4.5.7 Prediction by the Model -- 4.5.8 Summary -- References -- 5 Shape Memory Polyurethane Fiber -- 5.1 Strengthening of SMPFs Through Strain Hardening by Cold-Drawing Programming -- 5.1.1 SMPFs with a Phase Segregated Microstructure -- 5.1.2 Raw Materials and Fiber Fabrication -- 5.1.3 Cold-Drawing Programming -- 5.1.4 Microstructure Change by Cold-Drawing Programming -- 5.1.5 Summary -- 5.2 Characterization of Thermoplastic SMPFs -- 5.2.1 Thermomechanical Characterization -- 5.2.2 Damping Properties of SMPFs -- 5.2.3 Summary -- 5.3 Constitutive Modeling of Semicrystalline SMPFs -- 5.3.1 Micromechanics Based Approaches -- 5.3.2 Constitutive Law of Semicrystalline SMPFs -- 5.3.3 Kinematics -- 5.3.4 Computational Aspects -- 5.3.5 Results and Discussion -- 5.3.6 Summary -- 5.4 Stress Memory versus Strain Memory -- 5.4.1 Stress-Strain Decomposition during Thermomechanical Cycle -- 5.4.2 Summary -- References -- 6 Self-Healing with Shape Memory Polymer as Matrix -- 6.1 SMP Matrix Based Biomimetic Self-Healing Scheme -- 6.1.1 Raw Materials, Specimen Preparation, and Testing -- 6.1.2 Characterizations of the Composite Materials -- 6.1.3 Results and Discussion -- 6.1.4 Summary -- 6.2 Self-Healing of a Sandwich Structure with PSMP Based Syntactic Foam core -- 6.2.1 Raw Materials and Syntactic Foam Fabrication -- 6.2.2 Smart Foam Cored Sandwich Fabrication -- 6.2.3 Compression Programming -- 6.2.4 Low Velocity Impact Tests -- 6.2.5 Characterization of Low Velocity Impact Response.

6.2.6 Crack Closing Efficiency in Terms of Impact Responses -- 6.2.7 Crack Closing Efficiency in Terms of Compression after Impact Test -- 6.2.8 Ultrasonic and SEM Inspection -- 6.2.9 Summary -- 6.3 Grid Stiffened PSMP Based Syntactic Foam Cored Sandwich for Mitigating and Healing Impact Damage -- 6.3.1 Raw Materials -- 6.3.2 Grid Stiffened Smart Syntactic Foam Cored Sandwich Fabrication -- 6.3.3 Thermomechanical Programming -- 6.3.4 Low Velocity Impact Testing and Healing -- 6.3.5 Impact Response in Terms of Wave Propagation -- 6.3.6 Compression after Impact Test -- 6.3.7 Summary -- 6.4 Three-Dimensional Woven Fabric Reinforced PSMP Based Syntactic Foam Panel for Impact Tolerance and Damage Healing -- 6.4.1 Experimentation -- 6.4.2 Results and Discussion -- 6.4.3 Summary -- References -- 7 Self-Healing with Embedded Shape Memory Polymer Fibers -- 7.1 Bio-inspired Self-Healing Scheme Based on SMP Fibers -- 7.2 SMP Fiber versus SMA (Shape Memory Alloy) Fiber -- 7.3 Healing of Thermosetting Polymer by Embedded Unidirectional (1-D) Shape Memory Polyurethane Fiber (SMPF) -- 7.3.1 Experimentation -- 7.3.2 Results and Discussion -- 7.3.3 Summary -- 7.4 Healing of Thermosetting Polymer by Embedded 2-D Shape Memory Polyurethane Fiber (SMPF) -- 7.4.1 Specimen Preparation -- 7.4.2 Self-Healing of the Grid Stiffened Composite -- 7.4.3 Summary -- 7.5 Healing of Thermosetting Polymer by Embedded 3-D Shape Memory Polyurethane Fiber (SMPF) -- 7.5.1 Experiment -- 7.5.2 Results and Discussion -- 7.5.3 Summary -- References -- 8 Modeling of Healing Process and Evaluation of Healing Efficiency -- 8.1 Modeling of Healing Process -- 8.1.1 Modeling of Healing Process Using Thermoplastic Healing Agent -- 8.1.2 Summary -- 8.2 Evaluation of Healing Efficiency -- 8.2.1 Healing Efficiency for a Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) Specimen.

8.2.2 Healing Efficiency for an End-Notched Flexure (ENF) Specimen -- 8.2.3 Healing Efficiency for a Single-Lag Bending (SLB) Specimen -- 8.2.4 Summary -- References -- 9 Summary and Future Perspective of Biomimetic Self-Healing Composites -- 9.1 Summary of SMP Based Biomimetic Self-Healing -- 9.2 Future Perspective of SMP Based Self-Healing Composites -- 9.2.1 In-Service Self-Healing -- 9.2.2 Healing on Demand -- 9.2.3 Self-Healing by a Combination of Shape Memory and Intrinsic Self-Healing Polymers -- 9.2.4 Manufacturing of SMP Fibers with Higher Strength and Higher Recovery Stress -- 9.2.5 Determination of Critical Fiber Length -- 9.2.6 Damage-Healing Modeling -- 9.2.7 Development of Physics Based Constitutive Modeling of Shape Memory Polymers -- 9.2.8 A New Evaluation System -- 9.2.9 Potential Applications in Civil Engineering -- References -- Index -- End User License Agreement.