Neurophysiology of Neuroendocrine Neurons -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Series Preface -- Preface -- About the Companion Website -- SECTION 1A A Magnocellular Neuroendocrine Neurons: Properties and Control of Vasopressin and Oxytocin Neurons -- 1 Electrophysiology of Magnocellular Neurons In Vivo -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Opening the window on the brain -- 1.3 The milk-ejection reflex -- 1.3.1 Vasopressin cells and phasic firing -- 1.4 Osmotic responses -- 1.5 Responses to other stimuli -- 1.6 The future -- 1.7 Technical appendix -- 1.7.1 The milk ejection preparation: Technical details -- 1.7.2 Ventral surgery: Technical details -- 1.7.3 Recording electrodes -- 1.7.4 Analysis of firing patterns -- Cited references -- 2 Oxytocin Neurons during Suckling: Lessons from Organotypic Cultures -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Hypothalamic slices in vitro: acute slices versus organotypic cultures -- 2.2.1 Acute slices -- 2.2.2 Organotypic slice cultures -- 2.3 Magnocellular neurons in hypothalamic organotypic slice cultures -- 2.3.1 Basic electrophysiological properties of OT neurons -- 2.3.2 Synaptic activity -- 2.3.3 OT neurons in culture display rhythmic HFDs of action potentials -- 2.3.4 Synchronization of rhythmic HFDs of action potentials -- 2.3.5 The effect of OT on OT neurons -- 2.3.6 OT increases GABAergic IPSPs/IPSCs through a presynaptic mechanism -- 2.4 Perspectives -- 2.4.1 Organotypic slice cultures as a model to study OT neurons -- 2.4.2 Intrinsic versus synaptic control in OT neurons -- 2.4.3 An intrahypothalamic autonomous burst generator -- 2.4.4 Higher organization of the burst generator -- 2.4.5 A few riddles with organotypic cultures -- 2.4.6 Questions with other in vitro models -- Cited references -- 3 Peptidergic Control of Oxytocin and Vasopressin Neurons and Its Role in Reproductive and Hypertension-Associated Plasticity.

3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Oxytocin, birth and lactation -- 3.1.2 Vasopressin and blood pressure control -- 3.1.3 The magnocellular neurosecretory system -- 3.2 Electrical activity of magnocellular neurosecretory cells -- 3.3 In vivo electrophysiological recording from magnocellular neurosecretory cells -- 3.3.1 Transpharyngeal surgery for exposure of the supraoptic nucleus -- 3.3.2 Electrical recording of action potential discharge -- 3.3.3 Antidromic identification of recorded neurons -- 3.4 Plasticity in vasopressin neuron activity during the development of hypertension -- 3.5 Plasticity in afferent input excitation of oxytocin neurons in pregnancy and lactation -- 3.6 Perspectives -- Cited references -- 4 The Osmotic Control of Vasopressin-Releasing Neurons -- 4.1 Introduction: Basis of osmoregulation -- 4.1.1 Importance of electrolyte and osmotic homeostasis -- 4.1.2 Osmotic stress -- 4.1.3 Cell volume regulation -- 4.1.4 Systemic osmoregulation -- 4.1.5 The hypothalamo-neurohypophysial vasopressin system -- 4.1.6 Osmotic control of vasopressin involves an array of mechanisms -- 4.2 Osmotic control of VP neurons: Networks -- 4.2.1 Organum vasculosum lamina terminalis -- 4.2.2 Subfornical organ -- 4.2.3 Median preoptic nucleus -- 4.2.4 Nucleus of the tractus solitarius -- 4.3 Role of glia in the osmotic control of VP neurons -- 4.3.1 Osmosensitive control of VP neurons by taurine from astrocytes -- 4.3.2 Taurine as an inhibitory transmitter -- 4.3.3 Inhibition of VP neurons by taurine from astrocytes -- 4.3.4 Taurine gliotransmission: Modification by morphological plasticity -- 4.4 Intrinsic mechanisms -- 4.4.1 Cell autonomous osmotic detection -- 4.4.2 Cell autonomous osmosensing is a mechanical process -- 4.4.3 The osmosensing channel is a product of the trpv1 gene -- 4.5 Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- Cited references.

5 Function and Localization of Epithelial Sodium Channels in Vasopressin and Oxytocin Neurons -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Vasopressin- and oxytocin-synthesizing MNCs -- 5.1.2 Water-electrolyte balance and cardiovascular homeostasis by neurohypophysial hormones -- 5.1.3 Autonomic nervous system and MNCs -- 5.1.4 The release of vasopressin and oxytocin -- 5.1.5 Plasticity in intrinsic membrane properties of MNCs -- 5.2 Neurohypophysial hormones and cardiovascular diseases -- 5.3 Salt sensitivity -- 5.4 ENaCs -- 5.4.1 Distribution of ENaCs in the brain -- 5.4.2 Electrophysiological activity of ENaC in MNCs -- 5.4.3 Specificity of benzamil -- 5.4.4 Regulation of ENaCs by aldosterone -- 5.4.5 MR activation -- 5.4.6 Regulation of ENaCs by vasopressin -- 5.4.7 Regulation of ENaCs by angiotensin II -- 5.4.8 Regulation of ENaCs by neuropeptide FF -- 5.4.9 Effects of dietary salt intake on ENaC activity in MNCs -- 5.4.10 Dietary salt intake and concentration of Na+ in the cerebrospinal fluid -- 5.4.11 ENaCs and the development of salt sensitivity -- 5.5 Concluding remarks and perspectives -- Cited references -- 6 Visible Markers of Vasopressin and Oxytocin Activity and Their Use in Identifying the Neuronal Activity of Specific Neuroendocrine Cell Types -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 The hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system -- 6.1.2 Electrophysiological studies of vasopressin and oxytocin neurons -- 6.2 Generating transgenic rats -- 6.2.1 Generation of the AVP-eGFP transgenic rat and response of the AVP-eGFP transgene to physiological challenges -- 6.2.2 Generation of the OXT-mRFP1 transgenic rat -- 6.3 Patch-clamp recordings from identified AVP-eGFP and OXT-mRFP1 neurons -- 6.3.1 Single-cell patch-clamp recordings from identified SON AVP-eGFP and OXT-mRFP1 neurons -- 6.3.2 Single-cell patch-clamp recordings from identified SCN AVP-eGFP neurons.

6.3.3 Slice patch-clamp recordings from identified AVP-eGFP neurons -- 6.4 Generating the AVP-eGFPOXT-mRFP1 double transgenic rat -- 6.5 Perspectives -- 6.6 Technical appendix -- 6.6.1 Generation of transgenic AVP-eGFP and OXT-mRFP1 rats -- 6.6.2 Preparation of short-term cultures of primary AVP-eGFP and OXT-mRFP1 neurons -- Cited references -- 7 Neurophysiology of Neurohypophysial Terminals -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Hypothalamic-neurohypophysial system -- 7.3 Neurophysiology -- 7.4 Ion channels of NH terminals -- 7.4.1 Voltage-gated channels -- 7.5 Action potentials -- 7.5.1 Bursts of APs -- 7.6 Modulation by receptor types -- 7.6.1 Transmitter inputs to HNS -- 7.7 Role of feedbacks during bursts in AVP versus OT release -- 7.7.1 Electrophysiology of release -- 7.8 Models -- 7.9 Conclusions/Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- Cited references -- SECTION 1B Magnocellular Neuroendocrine Neurons: Synaptic Plasticity and the Autoregulation of Vasopressin and Oxytocin Release -- 8 Neuronal-Glia Remodeling of the Magnocellular System -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Structural plasticity of the magnocellular system -- 8.3 Permissive and inductive factors -- 8.4 Consequences of the glial structural plasticity -- 8.5 Diffusion in the ECS -- 8.6 Glutamate transport -- 8.7 Gliotransmission -- 8.8 Physiological consequences -- 8.9 Perspectives -- Cited references -- 9 Dendritic Release of the Neuropeptides Vasopressin and Oxytocin -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Direction of information transfer -- 9.1.2 The hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system: a model for dendritic release -- 9.2 The cargo and the containers -- 9.3 Dendritic versus axon terminal release -- 9.4 Dendritic release mechanisms -- 9.4.1 Actin cytoskeleton -- 9.4.2 Exocytosis proteins -- 9.4.3 Action potentials -- 9.4.4 Activation of intracellular Ca2+ stores -- 9.5 Priming of release.

9.5.1 Calcium primes release -- 9.5.2 Consequence of priming -- 9.6 Physiological functions -- 9.6.1 Autocrine effects -- 9.6.2 Neuromodulatory or paracrine effects -- 9.7 Hormone-like signals in the brain -- 9.8 Vasopressin, oxytocin, and behavior -- 9.9 Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- Cited references -- 10 Endocannabinoid Modulation of Synaptic Inputs to Magnocellular Neurons -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Endocannabinoids -- 10.3 Endocannabinoids and magnocellular neurons -- 10.4 Activity-dependent eCB negative feedback at synapses on magnocellular neurons -- 10.4.1 Activity-dependent eCBs and firing patterns in magnocellular neurons -- 10.4.2 The eCBs interact with other neuromodulators to shape firing patterns -- 10.5 Glucocorticoids modulate glutamate release rapidly via the retrograde action of eCBs -- 10.6 Plasticity of eCB-mediated retrograde signaling in magnocellular neurons -- 10.7 eCB actions at inhibitory versus excitatory GABA synapses -- 10.7.1 Depolarization-induced suppression of excitatory GABA inputs -- 10.7.2 Plasticity of retrograde modulation of excitatory GABA input -- 10.8 Tonic release of eCBs -- 10.8.1 Distinguishing between OT and VP magnocellular neurons -- 10.8.2 The effect of tonic eCB release on GABA synaptic inputs -- 10.9 In vivo challenge results in eCB-mediated plasticity of synaptic inputs to magnocellular neurons -- 10.10 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Cited references -- 11 Role of Central Vasopressin in the Generation of Multimodal Homeostatic Responses -- 11.1 Introduction: Bodily homeostasis and the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus -- 11.2 Heterogeneous PVN cellular organization -- 11.3 Are dendrites substrates for interpopulation communication within the PVN? -- 11.4 Probing interpopulation communication in the PVN.

11.4.1 Identification of magnocellular neurosecretory and presympathetic neuronal populations.