Microbiology of Drinking Water Production and Distribution -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Microbial Contaminants in Drinking Water -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Transmission Routes of Pathogens and Parasites -- 1.2.1 Person-to-Person Transmission -- 1.2.2 Waterborne Transmission -- 1.2.3 Foodborne Transmission -- 1.2.4 Airborne Transmission -- 1.2.5 Vector-Borne Transmission -- 1.2.6 Fomites -- 1.3 Major Pathogens and Parasites of Health Concern in Drinking Water -- 1.3.1 Bacterial Pathogens -- 1.3.2 Viral Pathogens -- 1.3.3 Protozoan Parasites -- Web Resources (As of May 23, 2013) -- Viral Pathogens -- Protozoan Parasites -- Bacterial Pathogens -- 1.3 Further Reading -- 2 Microbiological Aspects of Drinking Water Treatment -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Worldwide Concern Over Drinking Water Safety -- 2.3 Microbiological Quality of Source Water -- 2.3.1 Surface Waters -- 2.3.2 Groundwater Sources -- 2.3.3 Roof-Harvested Rainwater -- 2.4 Overview of Processes Involved in Drinking Water Treatment Plants -- 2.5 Process Microbiology and Fate of Pathogens and Parasites in Water Treatment Plants -- 2.5.1 Introduction -- 2.5.2 Pretreatment of Source Water -- 2.5.3 Coagulation-Flocculation-Sedimentation -- 2.5.4 Water Softening -- 2.5.5 Filtration -- 2.5.6 Activated Carbon -- 2.5.7 Membrane Filtration -- 2.5.8 Nanotechnology in Water Treatment -- 2.5.9 Disinfection -- 2.6 Waste Residuals from Water Treatment Plants -- 2.7 Drinking Water Quality at the Consumers Tap -- 2.7.1 Effect of Service Lines and Indoor Plumbing on Drinking Water Quality -- 2.7.2 Point-of-Use Devices for Indoor Water Treatment -- 2.7.3 Modified Carbon Filters and Other Devices -- Web Resources -- Further Reading -- 3 Drinking Water Disinfection -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Chlorine -- 3.2.1 Chlorine Chemistry -- 3.2.2 Inactivation of Microorganisms by Chlorine and Chloramines.

3.2.3 Adverse Effects of Chlorine on Pathogens -- 3.2.4 Disinfection By-Products -- 3.2.5 Chloramination of Drinking Water -- 3.3 Chlorine Dioxide -- 3.4 Ozone -- 3.4.1 Introduction -- 3.4.2 Inactivation of Pathogens and Parasites -- 3.4.3 Mechanisms of Inactivation by Ozone -- 3.4.4 Ozonation By-Products -- 3.5 Ultraviolet Light -- 3.5.1 Introduction -- 3.5.2 Categories of UV Lamps -- 3.5.3 Mechanism of UV Damage -- 3.5.4 UV Damage Repair: Photoreactivation -- 3.5.5 Factors Controlling UV Action -- 3.5.6 Pathogen and Protozoan Parasites Inactivation by UV -- 3.5.7 UV Disinfection of Drinking Water -- 3.5.8 Coupling of UV Radiation with Other Technologies -- 3.6 Use of Photocatalysts in Water Disinfection -- 3.7 Physical Removal/Inactivation of Microbial Pathogens -- 3.7.1 Membrane Filtration -- 3.7.2 Ultrasound -- 3.7.3 Ultrahigh Hydrostatic Pressure -- 3.7.4 Nanomaterials -- Web Resources -- Further Reading -- 4 Drinking Water Distribution Systems: Biofilm Microbiology -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Biofilm Development in WDSs -- 4.2.1 Introduction -- 4.2.2 Processes Involved in Biofilm Development -- 4.2.3 Factors Involved in Biofilm Accumulation -- 4.2.4 Biofilm Ecology -- 4.2.5 Gene Exchange and Quorum Sensing in Biofilms -- 4.2.6 Biofilm Detachment from Surfaces -- 4.2.7 Some Methods Used in Biofilm Study -- 4.3 Growh of Pathogens and Other Microorganisms in WDSs -- 4.3.1 Earlier Studies on the Microbiology of Distribution Systems -- 4.3.2 Opportunistic Bacterial Pathogens -- 4.3.3 Nontubercular Mycobacteria (NTM) -- 4.3.4 Legionella in Hot-Water Tanks and Distribution Systems -- 4.3.5 Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Antibiotic Resistance Genes -- 4.3.6 Protozoan Parasites -- 4.3.7 Enteric Viruses -- 4.4 Some Advantages and Disadvantages of Biofilms in Drinking Water Treatment and Distribution -- 4.4.1 Advantages -- 4.4.2 Disadvantages.

4.5 Biofilm Control and Prevention -- Web Resources -- Further Reading -- 5 Esthetic and Other Concerns Associated with Drinking Water Treatment and Distribution -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Taste and Odor Problems in Drinking Water Treatment Plants -- 5.2.1 Sources -- 5.2.2 Control Approaches -- 5.3 Algae and Cyanobacteria -- 5.3.1 Impact on Water Treatment Plants -- 5.3.2 Cyanotoxins -- 5.3.3 Water Treatment Options for Algae, Cyanobacteria, and Cyanotoxins -- 5.4 Fungi -- 5.5 Actinomycetes -- 5.6 Protozoa -- 5.6.1 Occurrence of Protozoa in Water Treatment Plants -- 5.6.2 FLAs Grazing Role in Water Treatment Plants -- 5.6.3 FLAs as Reservoirs of Pathogens -- 5.7 Invertebrates -- 5.7.1 Occurrence of Invertebrates in Water Distribution Systems -- 5.7.2 Invertebrates as Reservoir of Pathogens and Parasites -- 5.7.3 Control of Microinvertebrates -- 5.8 Endotoxins -- 5.9 Iron, Manganese, and Sulfur Bacteria -- 5.10 Nitrifying Bacteria in Water Distribution Systems -- 5.10.1 Occurrence of Nitrification in Chloraminated Water -- 5.10.2 Nitrification Control in Water Distribution Systems -- Web Resources -- Algae -- Cyanobacteria -- Fungi -- Protozoa -- Nitrification in Drinking Water -- Further Reading -- 6 Biological Treatment and Biostability of Drinking Water -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Biological Treatment of Drinking Water -- 6.3 Assessment of Biostability of Drinking Water -- 6.3.1 Introduction -- 6.3.2 Bioassays for Determination of Biostability of Drinking Water -- Web Resources -- Further Reading -- 7 Bioterrorism and Drinking Water Safety -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Early History of Biological Warfare -- 7.3 BW Microbial Agents and Biotoxins -- 7.3.1 Some Important Features of BW Agents -- 7.3.2 Categories of BW Agents -- 7.3.3 Major BW Agents -- 7.3.4 Biotoxins -- 7.4 Deliberate Contamination of Water Supplies with BW Agents or Biotoxins.

7.4.1 Introduction -- 7.4.2 Actions Taken to Disrupt Water Supply -- 7.4.3 Some Safeguards to the Deliberate Contamination of Drinking Water -- 7.5 Early Warning Systems for Assessing the Contamination of Source Waters or Water Distribution Systems -- 7.5.1 Introduction -- 7.5.2 Early Warning Systems -- 7.6 Protection of Drinking Water Supplies -- 7.7 Disinfection Of BW-Contaminated Drinking Water -- Web Resources -- Further Reading -- 8 Water Treatment Technologies for Developing Countries -- 8.1 Introduction: Water for a Thirsty Planet -- 8.2 Some Statistics of Waterborne Diseases in Developing Countries -- 8.3 Some HWT Methods or Technologies in Use in Developing Countries -- 8.3.1 Boiling Water -- 8.3.2 Biosand Filter -- 8.3.3 Ceramic Water Filters -- 8.3.4 Solar Disinfection -- 8.3.5 Water Purification Tablets -- 8.3.6 Coagulation-Flocculation-Sedimentation -- 8.3.7 Chlorination with Safe Storage -- 8.3.8 The AQUAPOT Project -- 8.3.9 LifeStrawR Family -- 8.3.10 UV Treatment Units -- 8.4 Personal Portable Water Treatment Systems for Travelers and Hikers -- Web Resources -- Further Reading -- 9 Bottled Water Microbiology -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Sources and Categories of Bottled Water -- 9.2.1 Mineral Water -- 9.2.2 Spring Water -- 9.2.3 Sparkling Water -- 9.2.4 Distilled or Purified Water -- 9.2.5 Tap Water -- 9.3 Bottled Water Microorganisms -- 9.3.1 Source Water -- 9.3.2 Water Treatment before Bottling -- 9.3.3 Microorganisms Found in Bottled Water -- 9.4 Regulations Concerning Bottled Water -- Web Resources -- Further Reading -- 10 Introduction to Microbial Risk Assessment for Drinking Water -- 10.1 Health-Based Targets for Drinking Water -- 10.2 Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) -- 10.2.1 Hazard Identification and Characterization -- 10.2.2 Exposure Assessment -- 10.2.3 Dose-Response Assessment -- 10.2.4 Risk Characterization.

10.2.5 Risk Management and Communication -- 10.3 Some Examples of Use of Risk Assessment to Assess the Risk of Infection or Disease From Exposure to Microbial Pathogens -- 10.3.1 Legionella -- 10.3.2 Viruses -- 10.3.3 Protozoan Parasites -- Web Resources -- Further Reading -- References -- Index -- Supplemental Images -- EULA.