English in Nordic Universities -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- 1. Introduction: English at Nordic universities -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The roles of universities: Then and now -- 3. Universities in change: Linguistic consequences and tensions -- 4. Purpose of the volume: Contrasting ideologies and practices -- 5. Ideologies and practices: How can they be studied? -- 6. The Nordic countries: Similarities and differences -- 7. Structure and outline of the book -- References -- 2. Parallel languages in the history of language ideology in Norway -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Language planning in Norway -- 3. The Norwegian lesson -- 4. English takes centre stage -- 5. The voice of higher education policy -- 6. Back to the future or lesson learned? -- References -- Appendix 1 -- 3. Language planning in practice in the Norwegian higher education sector -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Status planning in practice -- 2.1 Research and academic writing -- 2.2 Teaching and learning -- 3. Corpus and acquisition planning in practice -- 3.1 Corpus planning: terminology and elaboration -- 3.2 Acquisition planning in practice -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- 4. Language ideology and shifting representations of linguistic threats -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Approaching the objects -- 2. Re-reading history -- 2.1 The field of language planning -- 2.2 Swenglish - language ideologies from the '60s to the '80s -- 2.3 Domain loss - language ideologies of the '90s and onwards -- 2.4 Language ideology, market, and habitus -- 3. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5. Zooming in on language practices in Swedish higher education -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theoretical and empirical approaches to language practice in Sweden -- 2.1 Normative studies on institutional practices.

2.2 A study on individuals' exposure to English at Stockholm University -- 2.3 A study on classroom practice -- 3. Discussion -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- 6. Language ideologies in Finnish higher education in the national and international context -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Historical overview of the Finnish HE system from a language perspective -- 3. Current language legislation -- 3.1 Finnish language legislation: Constitutionalist bilingualism as societal bilingualism -- 3.2 University legislation -- 4. Data and methodology -- 5. Internationalisation and its implications for language in higher education policy: two cases -- 5.1 Case 1: National vs. international, and language in Finnish  igher education -- 5.2 Case 2: English and internationalisation of Finnish higher education -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- 7. Local majority and minority languages and English in the university -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Tensions between de jure and de facto language policies of the university -- 3. Data and analytical framework -- 4. The local languages and English at the university -- 4.1 A few case studies: Different responsibilities, different practices -- 4.2 Ambivalence and tensions in the practices -- 5. Outlining a Nordic typology of university language policies -- 6. Conclusion and outlook -- References -- 8. Ideologies in Iceland: The protection of language forms -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Icelandic language ideologies and national policies -- 3. Internationalization at universities in Iceland -- 4. Language policies at Icelandic universities -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- 9. English at the University of Iceland -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The status and use of English in Iceland -- 3. English as a subject in secondary schools -- 4. Students and the use of English at university -- 5. Instructors and the use of English at university.

6. Using English for Research Publication Purposes (ERPP) -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- 10. Language ideologies in Danish higher education -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Investigating language ideologies in a transient multilingual community -- 2. Background and research interest -- 2.1 The present language situation at Danish universities -- 2.2 Research interest -- 3. Data and analytical focus -- 4. Analysis: The students' ideas about language -- 4.1 Competence in English -- 4.2 "Native English" voices vs. other English voices -- 5. Discussion -- 6. Final remarks -- Transcription conventions -- References -- 11. Linguistic realities at the University of Copenhagen -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Participants and data -- 3. Language choice and use by international academics at UCHP -- 3.1 "Danish is often helpful, but not really required" -- 3.2 "Everybody speaks English" -- 3.3 Where else do you speak or write Danish? -- 3.4 Experienced difficulties with Danish in job situations -- 4. Discussion -- 5. Some possible conclusions -- References -- 12. Epilogue: English from above and below, and from outside -- 1. Internationalization as threat and malpractice vs. benchmark and virtue -- 2. The use of English as a prerequisite of internationalization -- 3. Production vs. dissemination vs. education in English -- 4. The communicative potential of English in the world and in the Nordic countries -- 5. The success of the English hegemonic project in the Nordic countries -- References -- Index of topics.