Cover -- Blood Cells -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- List of abbreviations -- About the companion website -- CHAPTER 1. Blood sampling and blood film preparation and examination -- Obtaining a blood specimen -- Peripheral venous blood -- 'Capillary blood' -- Cord blood -- Fetal blood sampling -- Obtaining a blood specimen from other sites -- Anticoagulant and specimen container -- Guidelines -- Needle-prick injury -- Specimen mixing -- Making a blood film -- Manual spreading of a blood film on a glass slide (wedge-spread film) -- Other methods of spreading thin films Automated spreading of blood films -- Thick films -- Unstained wet preparations -- Fixation, staining and mounting -- Fixation -- Staining -- Mounting -- Storage of slides -- Setting up and using a microscope -- Identifying the source of a problem and preventing problems -- Examining a blood film -- References -- Chapter 2. Performing a blood count -- Basic techniques -- Haemoglobin concentration -- Packed cell volume -- The red cell count -- Derived red cell variables - red cell indices -- The white cell count -- The platelet count -- The differential white cell count -- The reticulocyte count -- Units and approved abbreviations -- Automated image analysis -- Pattern-recognition automated differential counters -- Automated blood cell counters -- Principles of operation of automated haematology counters -- Beckman-Coulter instruments -- Five-part differential Beckman-Coulter instruments including LH 750 and LH 780 -- Sysmex and other instruments incorporating impedance measurements -- Siemens instruments (previously Technicon then Bayer instruments) -- Abbott (Cell-Dyn) instruments -- Horiba ABX instruments -- Nihon Kohden instruments -- Mindray instruments -- Automated reticulocyte counts and reticulated platelet counts -- Near- patient testing.

Non-invasive methods -- Storage of blood specimens prior to testing -- References -- CHAPTER 3. Morphology of blood cells -- Examining the blood film -- Storage-induced and other artefacts -- Erythrocytes -- Anisocytosis -- Microcytosis -- Macrocytosis -- Hypochromia -- Hyperchromia -- Anisochromasia -- Dimorphism -- Polychromasia -- Poikilocytosis -- Inclusions in erythrocytes -- Circulating nucleated red blood cells -- Red cell agglutination, rouleaux formation and red cell rosetting -- Leucocytes -- Granulocytes -- The neutrophil -- The eosinophil -- The basophil -- Lymphocytes and plasma cells -- The lymphocyte -- The plasma cell -- Cells of monocyte lineage -- The monocyte -- Monocyte precursors -- The macrophage -- Granulocyte precursors -- The myeloblast -- The promyelocyte -- The myelocyte -- The metamyelocyte -- Leucoerythroblastic blood films -- The mast cell -- Disintegrated cells -- Necrotic bone marrow cells -- Platelets and circulating megakaryocytes -- Platelets -- Abnormalities of platelet size -- Other abnormalities of platelet morphology and distribution including platelet aggregation and satellism -- Megakaryocytes -- Abnormal megakaryocytes and megakaryoblasts -- Blood film in healthy subjects -- Healthy adult -- Infancy and childhood -- Neonate -- Hyposplenism -- Non-haemopoietic cells -- Endothelial cells -- Epithelial cells -- Fat cells -- Mesothelial cells -- Amniotic fluid cells -- Non-haemopoietic malignant cells and mucin -- Micro-organisms in blood films -- Bacteria -- Fungi -- Parasites -- Malaria -- Babesiosis -- Toxoplasmosis -- Infection by haemoflagellates -- Filariasis -- Further learning resources for blood film morphology -- References -- CHAPTER 4. Detecting erroneous blood counts -- The sources of errors in blood counts -- The detection of errors in automated blood counts -- Errors in automated WBC.

Errors in haemoglobin concentration and red cell indices -- Haemoglobin concentration -- RBC, MCV and Hct -- MCH, MCHC and RDW -- Errors in platelet counts -- Errors in automated differential counts -- Two-part and three-part differential counts on impedance-based automated full blood counters -- Five-to-seven part differential counts -- Errors in automated reticulocyte counts and other reticulocyte measurements -- References -- CHAPTER 5. Normal ranges -- Normal ranges for adults -- Normal ranges for neonates and fetuses -- Normal ranges in infants and children -- Normal ranges in pregnancy -- Normal ranges for platelet counts and other platelet variables -- Normal ranges for reticulocyte counts -- References -- CHAPTER 6. Quantitative changes in blood cells -- Polycythaemia -- Reticulocytosis -- Leucocytosis -- Neutrophil leucocytosis - neutrophilia -- Eosinophil leucocytosis - eosinophilia -- Basophil leucocytosis - basophilia -- Lymphocytosis -- Monocytosis -- Plasmacytosis -- Thrombocytosis -- Blood film and count -- Further tests -- Anaemia -- Blood film and count -- Further tests -- Reticulocytopenia -- Leucopenia -- Neutropenia -- Eosinopenia -- Basopenia -- Monocytopenia -- Lymphocytopenia (lymphopenia) -- Thrombocytopenia -- Blood film and count -- Other tests -- Pancytopenia -- Blood film and count -- Differential diagnosis -- Further tests -- References -- CHAPTER 7. Important supplementary tests -- Cytochemical techniques -- Heinz bodies -- Haemoglobin H inclusions -- Haemoglobin F-containing cells -- Perls reaction for iron -- Glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase -- Cytochemical stains used in the diagnosis and classification of leukaemias -- Neutrophil alkaline phosphatase -- Myeloperoxidase -- Sudan black B -- Naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase -- Non-specific esterases -- Combined esterase -- Periodic acid-Schiff reaction.

Acid phosphatase -- Flow cytometric immunophenotyping -- Immunocytochemistry -- Cytogenetic analysis -- Fluorescence in situ hybridisation -- Molecular genetic analysis -- Ultrastructural examination -- References -- CHAPTER 8. Disorders of red cells and platelets -- Disorders of red cells -- Hypochromic and microcytic anaemias and thalassaemias -- Disorders resulting from a defect in haem synthesis -- Disorders resulting from a defect in β globin chain synthesis -- Disorders resulting from a defect in α globin chain synthesis -- Haemoglobinopathies -- Macrocytic anaemias -- Congenital haemolytic anaemias -- Hereditary spherocytosis and variants -- Hereditary elliptocytosis and ovalocytosis -- Hereditary stomatocytosis and related conditions -- Other defects of the erythrocyte membrane -- Red cell enzyme abnormalities -- Acquired haemolytic anaemias -- Acquired haemolytic anaemias with an immune mechanism -- Non-immune acquired haemolytic anaemias -- Miscellaneous causes of acquired haemolytic anaemia -- Haemolysis as a contributing factor to anaemia -- Dyserythropoietic anaemias -- Aplastic anaemias and pure red cell aplasia -- Polycythaemia -- Relative polycythaemia -- True polycythaemia -- Disorders of platelets -- Thrombocytopenia -- Thrombocytosis -- References -- CHAPTER 9. Disorders of white cells -- Reactive changes in white cells -- Bacterial infection -- Viral infections -- Persistent polyclonal B-cell lymphocytosis -- Severe congenital neutropenia -- Haematological neoplasms -- The myelodysplastic syndromes -- Myeloproliferative and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms -- Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms -- Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm, unclassifiable -- Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia -- Blood film and count -- Differential diagnosis -- Further tests -- Chronic lymphoid leukaemias and lymphomas.

T-lineage lymphoproliferative disorders -- T-lineage prolymphocytic leukaemia -- Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas -- Adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma -- Large granular lymphocyte leukaemia -- Other T-cell lymphomas -- References -- Index -- EULA.