Bone and Joint Infections: From Microbiology to Diagnostics and Treatment -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- References -- Chapter 2 Microbiology of Bone and Joint Infections -- Microorganisms in Osteomyelitis -- Acute Osteomyelitis in Adults -- Acute Osteomyelitis in Children -- Chronic Osteomyelitis -- Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis -- Vertebral Osteomyelitis -- Tuberculous Osteomyelitis -- Brucella Osteomyelitis -- Microorganisms in Implant-Associated Bone and Joint Infection -- PJI after Knee Arthroplasty -- PJI after Hip Arthroplasty -- PJI after Shoulder Arthroplasty -- PJI after Elbow Arthroplasty -- PJI after Ankle Arthroplasty -- Implant-Associated Infection of the Long Bones -- Spinal Implant-Associated Infection -- Microorganisms in Native Joint Arthritis -- Native Joint Infection in Adults -- Native Joint Arthritis in Children -- Diagnostic Approach in Osteomyelitis -- Inflammatory Parameters -- Microbiological Studies -- Histopathological Studies -- Antigen and Antibody Testing -- Diagnostic Approach in Foreign Body-Associated Infection -- Histopathological Studies -- Microbiological Studies -- Inflammatory Parameters -- Synovial Fluid Studies -- Molecular Studies -- Diagnostic Approach in Native Joint Infection -- Inflammatory Parameters -- Synovial Fluid Studies -- Blood Cultures -- Molecular Studies -- Novel Diagnostic Procedures -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 3 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antibiotics in Bone -- Pharmacokinetics -- Bone Sample Preparation and Analysis -- Pharmacokinetic Sampling and Data Analysis -- Penetration of Antibiotics into Bone -- Fluroquinolones -- Macrolides and Telithromycin -- Clindamycin -- Rifampicin -- Tetracyclines and Tigecycline -- Cephalosporins -- Penicillins and β-Lactamase Inhibitors -- Linezolid.

Daptomycin -- Fosfomycin -- Glycopeptides -- Pharmacodynamics and Monte Carlo Simulations -- Conclusions -- Key Points -- References -- Chapter 4 Preclinical Models of Infection in Bone and Joint Surgery -- Introduction -- Influence of Species in Preclinical Models of Bone and Joint Infection -- Overview of Animal Models -- Direct Inoculation with Minimal Trauma -- Animal Osteomyelitis Models Incorporating Trauma -- Hematogenous Models -- Future Directions -- Conclusion -- Key Points -- References -- Chapter 5 Native Joint Arthritis in Children -- Introduction -- Epidemiology -- Microbiology -- Specific Microorganisms and Predisposition -- Culture-Negative Septic Arthritis -- Pathogenesis -- Clinical Presentation -- Laboratory Investigation -- Imaging Studies -- Differential Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Joint Space Drainage -- Antibiotic Therapy -- Adjunctive Anti-inflammatory Therapy -- Prognosis -- Key Points -- References -- Chapter 6 Native Joint Arthritis -- Introduction -- Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and Microbiology -- Diagnosis -- Signs and Symptoms -- Microbiological Diagnosis -- Blood Chemistry -- Synovial Fluid Analysis -- Radiology -- Treatment -- Surgical Drainage versus Arthrocentesis -- Resection, Arthrodesis, or Amputation -- Antimicrobial Therapy -- Outcome of Native Joint Septic Arthritis -- Key Points -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7 Septic Arthritis of Axial Joints -- Septic Arthritis of the Sternoclavicular Joint -- Introduction -- Epidemiology -- Microbiology -- Risk Factors -- Clinical and Laboratory Features -- Imaging Procedures -- Differential Diagnosis -- Management -- Key Points -- Septic Arthritis of the Symphysis Pubis -- Introduction -- Epidemiology -- Microbiology -- Risk Factors -- Clinical and Laboratory Features -- Imaging Procedures -- Differential Diagnosis -- Management -- Key Points.

Septic Arthritis of the Sacroiliac Joint -- Introduction -- Epidemiology -- Microbiology -- Risk Factors -- Clinical and Laboratory Features -- Imaging Procedures -- Differential Diagnosis -- Management -- Key Points -- References -- Chapter 8 Periprosthetic Joint Infection: General Aspects -- Introduction -- Definition -- Classification -- Pathogenesis -- The Role of the Host -- The Role of the Microorganism (Biofilm) -- The Route of Infection -- Diagnostic Algorithm -- Laboratory Investigation -- Infectious Parameters in Blood -- Synovial Cells -- Histopathology -- Culture -- Sonication -- Molecular Diagnosis -- Therapeutic Management -- Surgical Interventions -- Antimicrobial Therapy -- Prophylaxis -- Perioperative prophylaxis -- Prevention of Hematogenous Infection -- Errors in the Management of PJI -- Key Points -- References -- Chapter 9 Periprosthetic Joint Infection after Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty -- Introduction -- Risk Factors -- Microbiology -- Clinical Features -- Laboratory Investigation -- C-Reactive Protein and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate -- Synovial Cells -- Imaging Procedures -- Management -- Antibiotic Treatment -- Surgical Interventions -- Specific Surgical Problems in Hip PJI -- Specific Surgical Problem in Knee PJI -- Instructive Cases -- Case 1: Acute Hematogenous PJI due to Streptococcus dysgalactiae 8 Months after THA -- Case 2: Two-Stage Exchange of Infected TKA with long interval without spacer due to difficult-to-treat microorganisms -- Case 3: Chronic infection of THA treated with two-stage exchange -- Case 4: One-stage revision of a chronic THA infection after removal of ossifications -- References -- Chapter 10 Periprosthetic Joint Infection after Shoulder Arthroplasty -- Introduction -- Risk Factors -- Comorbidities -- Intra-articular Injections -- Revision Surgery and Hematoma -- Male gender -- Age and Trauma.

Cement with or without Antibiotic Impregnation -- Type of Arthroplasty -- Microbiology -- Pathogenesis -- Exogenous or Hematogenous Infection Route -- Acute or Chronic Infection -- Virulent or Low-Virulent Pathogens -- Clinical Features -- Laboratory Investigation -- Blood Tests -- Synovial Fluid Leukocyte Count -- Intraoperative Findings and the Number of Biopsies -- Microbiological Culture -- Molecular Investigations -- Histopathological Investigations -- Sonication of Removed Implants -- Sonication of Removed Implants Combined with Molecular Methods -- Imaging Procedures -- Management -- Surgical Interventions -- Antimicrobial Treatment -- Instructive Cases -- Case 1: Two-Stage Exchange from Internal Fixation to Reverse Total Shoulder Fracture-Arthroplasty -- Case 2: Chronic Polymicrobial PSJI Without Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Infection -- References -- Chapter 11 Periprosthetic Joint Infection after Elbow Arthroplasty -- Introduction -- Microbiology -- Clinical Features -- Diagnostic Procedures -- Preoperative Workup -- Peri- and Postoperative Workup -- Management -- Instructive Cases -- Case 1. Early Infection Treated with Debridement and Retention -- Case 2. Delayed infection, Inappropriate Rifampin Therapy Leading to Emergence of Resistance -- Case 3. Delayed Diagnosis of Late Infections Treated with Two-Stage Exchange -- Case 4. Late Polymicrobial Infection Treated with Removal without Replacement -- References -- Chapter 12 Periprosthetic Joint Infection after Ankle Arthroplasty -- Introduction -- History of Total Ankle Arthroplasty -- Risk Factors -- Patient-Related Risk Factors -- Surgery-Related Risk Factors -- Risk Factors Related to the Postoperative Course -- Pitfalls in the Postoperative Course -- Microbiology -- Clinical Features -- Laboratory Investigation -- Blood Tests -- Synovial Fluid Leukocyte Count.

Intraoperative Samples -- Imaging Procedures -- Management -- Surgical Interventions -- Antimicrobial Treatment -- Instructive Cases -- Case 1. Acute hematogenous PAJI -- Case 2. Chronic exogenous PAJI -- References -- Chapter 13 Osteomyelitis: Classification -- Classification According to Pathogenesis -- Hematogenous Osteomyelitis -- Osteomyelitis Secondary to a Contiguous Focus -- Osteomyelitis Secondary to Vascular Insufficiency or to Peripheral Neuropathy -- Osteomyelitis in the Special Host -- Classification According to the Duration of Infection -- Classification According to the Localization -- Classification According to the Presence of an Implant -- Classification According to Anatomy and Comorbidity -- References -- Chapter 14 Osteomyelitis in Children -- Introduction -- Epidemiology -- Pathophysiology -- Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Microbiology -- Neonates -- Children: 3 Months to 5 Years -- Children Greater Than 5 Years -- Special Groups -- Treatment -- Antibiotic Treatment -- Surgical Treatment -- Complications -- Key Points -- References -- Chapter 15 Acute Osteomyelitis in Adults -- Introduction -- Pathogenesis -- Epidemiology -- Microbiology -- Risk Factors -- Clinical Features -- Laboratory Investigation -- Hematological and Biochemical Markers -- Blood Cultures -- Biopsy -- Imaging Procedures -- Clinical and Imaging Differential Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Conservative Therapy -- Surgical Treatment -- Key Points -- References -- Chapter 16 Subacute Osteomyelitis: Tuberculous and Brucellar Vertebral Osteomyelitis -- Introduction -- Epidemiology -- Clinical Features -- Laboratory Investigation -- Imaging Procedures -- Antimicrobial and Surgical Therapy -- Key Points -- References -- Chapter 17 Chronic Osteomyelitis in Adults -- Introduction -- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis -- Diagnosis -- Clinical and Laboratory Diagnostics.

Radiological Diagnosis.