Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- 1: The Ocean in the Earth System: Evolution and Regulation -- 1.1. The Earth system and its components -- 1.1.1. A system is a set of objects whose limit is arbitrary, but pertinent -- 1.1.2. One system is necessarily built into another -- 1.1.3. The Earth is a "closed" system -- 1.1.4. The major components of the Earth system -- 1.1.5. What is the biosphere? -- 1.2. The ocean, from its origins -- 1.2.1. Was there an ocean 4.4 billion years ago? -- 1.2.2. The origin of water on Earth (4.5 - 4 billion years ago) -- 1.2.3. The ocean and the end of the "Venus" phase of the Earth's history (between 4.5 and 4 billion years ago) -- 1.2.4. Why are there oceans on Earth and a "Venus inferno" on Venus? -- 1.2.5. The ocean, cradle of the first living creatures (between 4.4 and 3.5 billion years ago) -- 1.3. The ocean, oxygen and the evolution of life forms -- 1.3.1. The essential characteristics had been selected in the ocean before the Cambrian period, over 540 million years ago -- 1.3.2. How did oxygen accumulate? -- 1.3.3. The first important accumulation of oxygen (around 2.5 billion years ago) -- 1.3.4. A moderate increase in oxygenation (between 2.5 and 0.5 billion years ago) -- 1.3.5. The second important accumulation of oxygen (between 500 and 350 million years ago) -- 1.4. The regulation of the greenhouse effect by the ocean -- 1.4.1. There is no life without a minimum greenhouse effect -- 1.4.2. The regulation of the greenhouse effect by the ocean -- 1.5. Oceanic photosynthesis regulates itself on a short timescale -- 1.5.1. When the ocean is deficient in nitrate -- 1.5.2. When the ocean has an excess of nitrate -- 1.5.3. The regulation of the N/P ratio -- 1.6. Conclusion -- 1.6.1. The ocean in the Earth system -- 1.6.2. The anthropogenic disturbance of the Earth system.

1.6.3. And life among all that? -- 1.7. Acknowledgments -- 1.8. Bibliography -- 2: The Ocean and the Climate System -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Climate change -- 2.2.1. The report on the findings -- 2.2.2. Interpretation of the observed changes -- 2.2.3. The Earth's radiative equilibrium and greenhouse gases -- 2.2.4. The role of greenhouse gases - GHG -- 2.2.5. Scenarios and projections -- 2.3. Physics and dynamics -- 2.3.1. Rotation, Coriolis, geostropy -- 2.3.2. An ocean moved by the wind -- 2.3.3. Ekman, spiral, transport, pumping, upwelling and downwelling -- 2.3.4. Interior ocean and western boundary currents -- 2.3.5. An ocean moved by thermohaline fluxes -- 2.3.6. Stratification, mixed layer, thermocline -- 2.3.7. Formation of water masses, convection and subduction -- 2.3.8. Schematization of global circulation: the great conveyor belt -- 2.4. Some key elements for understanding the ocean's role in the climate -- 2.4.1. Typical times -- 2.4.2. Ocean-atmosphere in the tropics -- 2.4.3. Other types of variability -- 2.4.4. Climatic surprises -- 2.5. Some questions for the future -- 2.6. Bibliography -- 3: Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions -- 3.1. Introduction: what are ocean-atmosphere interactions? -- 3.2. Interface processes and their role in the coupled system -- 3.2.1. Radiative fluxes -- 3.2.1.1. Solar radiation -- 3.2.1.2. Infrared radiation -- 3.2.1.3. The radiation penetrating the ocean -- 3.2.2. Turbulent fluxes -- 3.2.2.1. Surface fluxes: above all a problem of atmospheric turbulence -- 3.2.2.2. Turbulent fluxes and the ocean -- 3.2.3. Water exchanges between the ocean and atmosphere -- 3.2.4. Other exchanges of matter -- 3.2.4.1. Exchanges of gas -- 3.2.4.1.1. Surface concentrations of dissolved gas -- 3.2.4.1.2. Oxygen -- 3.2.4.1.3. Carbon dioxide -- 3.2.4.2. Supplies of precipitation -- 3.2.4.3. Solid deposits.

3.2.4.4. Export of particles -- 3.2.5. Flux measurement -- 3.2.5.1. Radiative fluxes -- 3.2.5.2. Turbulent fluxes -- 3.3. Examples of energy exchanges -- 3.3.1. Tropical cyclones -- 3.3.2. Surface temperature fronts -- 3.3.3. The interactions close to strong oceanic fronts -- 3.3.4. Marginal ice zones and associated air-sea fluxes -- 3.3.5. The example of the impact of the iron supply from Saharan aerosols -- 3.4. Conclusion -- 3.5. Bibliography -- 4: Marine Biogeochemical Cycles -- 4.1. Introduction: geochemistry, biogeochemistry and marine biogeochemistry -- 4.1.1. Geochemistry and cosmochemistry -- 4.1.2. Biogeochemistry and marine biogeochemistry -- 4.2. A fundamental characteristic of the Earth's system: biogeochemical cycles -- 4.3. Carbon: at the heart of living matter -- 4.3.1. Carbon in large natural reservoirs -- 4.3.2. Biogeochemical cycles of carbon -- 4.3.2.1. Short inorganic carbon cycle -- 4.3.2.2. Long inorganic carbon cycle -- 4.3.2.3. Short organic carbon cycle -- 4.3.2.4. Long organic carbon cycle -- 4.4. Oxygen: a poison that Earth cannot do without -- 4.4.1. The Great Oxygenation Event -- 4.4.2. Biogeochemical cycles of oxygen -- 4.5. Nitrogen: a chemical element over which countries have fought in the past -- 4.5.1. Nitrogen, abundant but difficult to access -- 4.5.2. Biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen -- 4.6. Phosphorus: a chemical element over which countries may fight in future -- 4.6.1. Phosphorus, not very abundant or exploitable -- 4.6.2. Biogeochemical cycles of phosphorus -- 4.7. Biogeochemical equilibria and human societies: problems -- 4.8. Bibliography -- 5: Ocean Acidification and its Consequences -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.1.1. What is ocean acidification? -- 5.1.2. A brief history of research on the acidification of oceans -- 5.1.3. Main research programs -- 5.2. Observations -- 5.2.1. Past changes.

5.2.2. Recent changes -- 5.3. Projections -- 5.4. Impacts of ocean acidification -- 5.4.1. Impacts on organisms and communities -- 5.4.1.1. Pelagic ecosystems -- 5.4.1.1.1. Primary production -- 5.4.1.1.2. Nitrogen fixation -- 5.4.1.1.3. Calcification -- 5.4.1.1.4. Viruses and bacteria -- 5.4.1.1.5. Fish -- 5.4.1.2. Benthic ecosystems -- 5.4.1.2.1. Macroalgae and seagrasses -- 5.4.1.2.2. Corals and calcareous algae -- 5.4.1.2.3. Mollusks -- 5.4.1.2.4. Echinoderms -- 5.4.1.3. Unknowns and experimental approaches -- 5.4.2. Impacts on biogeochemical cycles -- 5.4.3. Economy and society -- 5.4.3.1. Fishing, aquaculture and food safety -- 5.4.3.2. Services associated with coral reefs -- 5.5. What are the solutions? -- 5.5.1. The reduction of CO2 emissions -- 5.5.2. Geoengineering techniques -- 5.5.3. Adaptation measures -- 5.6. Conclusion -- 5.7. Acknowledgments -- 5.8. Appendix -- 5.8.1. Carbonate chemistry of carbonates and biogeochemical processes -- 5.9. Bibliography -- List of Authors -- Index -- Supplemental Images.