Comets and their Origin -- Contents -- Foreword by Michael F. A'Hearn -- Foreword by Gerhard H. Schwehm -- Preface -- List of Abbreviations and Symbols -- Part I: Comets and their Origin -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Preliminary Remarks -- 1.2 Motivation to Land a Probe on a Cometary Nucleus -- 1.3 Introduction to the Physical Characteristics of Comets -- 1.3.1 Physical Characteristics of Comets -- 1.3.1.1 The Cometary Nucleus -- 1.3.1.2 The Cometary Coma -- 1.3.1.3 The Cometary Plasma Tail -- 1.3.1.4 The Cometary Dust Tail -- 1.3.1.5 Cometary Material Loss and Brightness -- 1.3.1.6 Comet Fragmentation and Meteor Showers -- 1.3.1.7 Sungrazers -- 1.3.1.8 Comets and Asteroids -- 1.3.1.9 Exocomets -- 1.3.2 Oort Cloud and Kuiper Belt Comets -- 1.3.2.1 The Discovery of Comets' Periodicity -- 1.3.2.2 Periodic and Nonperiodic Comets -- 1.3.2.3 Long-Period Comets and the Oort Cloud -- 1.3.2.4 Short-Period Comets and the Kuiper Belt -- 1.3.2.5 Jupiter-Family Comets and Halley-Type Comets -- 1.3.2.6 Where Did the Oort Cloud and Kuiper Belt Comets Originate? -- 1.3.3 Nomenclature of Comets and Orbital Elements -- 1.4 Space Probes Vega, Sakigake, and Suisei: Observations of Comet 1P/Halley -- 1.4.1 The Vega Mission to Comet 1P/Halley -- 1.4.1.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of Cometary Dust -- 1.4.1.2 Vega's Infrared Investigations and the Temperature of the Cometary Nucleus -- 1.4.1.3 Vega's Analyses of Cometary Dust -- 1.4.1.4 Solar Wind-Cometary Ion Interaction: the Plasma Tail -- 1.4.1.5 Bow Shock, Cometopause, and Contact Surface -- 1.4.1.6 Plasma Tail Disconnection Events -- 1.4.2 The Japanese Spacecraft Suisei and the Cometary Hydrogen Corona -- 1.4.3 The Japanese Spacecraft Sakigake -- 1.5 The Giotto Spacecraft and the First Image of a Cometary Nucleus -- 1.5.1 The Passage through a Cometary Coma.

1.5.2 Imaging a Cometary Nucleus -- 1.5.2.1 Topographic Structures on a Cometary Nucleus -- 1.5.2.2 The Albedo of the Cometary Nucleus -- 1.5.2.3 Gas- and Dust-Emitting Areas on the Nucleus of 1P/Halley -- 1.5.2.4 The Formation of the Nonspherical Nucleus of 1P/Halley -- 1.5.3 The Chemical Composition of Cometary Dust -- 1.5.4 The Radio Science Experiment and Cometary Ionosphere -- 1.5.5 Overview, Summary, and Current Status -- 1.6 Comet 19P/Borrelly as Observed by Deep Space 1 and the Contour Comet Nucleus Tour -- 1.6.1 The Deep Space 1 Spacecraft Accelerated by Ion Propulsion -- 1.6.2 Encounter, Nucleus Images, and Properties of Comet 19P/Borrelly -- 1.6.3 The Cometary Nucleus Probe CONTOUR -- 1.7 The Stardust Sample Return Mission to Comet 81P/Wild -- 1.7.1 Conceptional Remarks -- 1.7.2 Encounter with Comet 81P/Wild 2 and Sample Collection -- 1.7.3 The Hot Origin of Selected Cometary Grains Provides Evidence for Radial Mixing of the Solar Nebula -- 1.7.4 Isotopic Analyses of Returned Wild 2 Samples -- 1.7.5 Infrared Analyses of Returned Wild 2 Samples: Hints at Aliphatic Hydrocarbons -- 1.7.6 Organic Molecules, PAHs, and an Amino Acid in Returned Wild 2 Samples -- 1.7.7 Hoodoos and the Surface Morphology of the Wild 2 Nucleus -- 1.7.8 Chemical Composition and In Situ Analyses of Wild 2 Dust Particles -- 1.7.9 Gas and Dust Jets Emitted by the Wild 2 Nucleus -- 1.8 The Deep Impact Mission's Excavation of Comet 9P/Tempel 1 -- 1.8.1 Observations of Comet 9P/Tempel Prior to the Impact -- 1.8.2 Postimpact Observations of Comet 9P/Tempel -- 1.8.3 Postimpact Observations of Comet 9P/Tempel by Stardust-NExT: Impact Site and the Actively Eroding Scarp -- 1.8.4 The Encounter of the Deep Impact Spacecraft with Comet 103P/Hartley -- References -- Chapter 2 The Formation of Comets -- 2.1 Introduction.

2.2 Whipple's Dirty Snowball Model of Cometary Nuclei -- 2.2.1 The Icy-Conglomerate Cometary Nucleus -- 2.2.2 The Icy-Conglomerate Model as Observed Today -- 2.3 Formation and Collection of Interplanetary Dust Particles or Brownlee Particles -- 2.3.1 Classification and Origin of Interplanetary Dust Particles -- 2.3.2 Cometary Dust Characterized by the Stardust Mission -- 2.4 The Greenberg Core-Mantle Grain Model -- 2.4.1 The Formation of Silicate Grain Condensation Nuclei -- 2.4.2 Condensation of the Molecules That Form the Inner and Outer Mantles -- 2.4.3 Aggregation, Cometesimals, and Comet Formation -- 2.4.4 The Greenberg Chemical Composition of Cometary Nuclei -- 2.4.5 The Core-Mantle Grain Model in the View of Cometary Observations -- 2.5 Remote Photometric and Spectroscopic Characterization of Comets -- 2.5.1 The Photometric Characterization of Comets -- 2.5.2 Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry of Comets -- 2.5.3 Cometary Emission in the X-Ray and Extreme Ultraviolet -- 2.5.4 Infrared Spectroscopy of Cometary Volatiles -- 2.5.5 Radio Spectroscopy of Cometary Volatiles -- 2.5.6 Extended Sources of Volatiles in Cometary Comae -- 2.5.7 Chemical Reactions in Cometary Coma -- 2.5.8 Nuclear Spin Species, Ortho-Para Ratios, and the Spin Temperature of Comets -- 2.5.9 Remote Observations of Isotopes in Comets -- 2.5.9.1 Remote Isotopologue Observations of Diatomic Carbon (C2) -- 2.5.9.2 Radio Observations of the 12C/13C Ratio in CN and HCN -- 2.5.9.3 Stardust and Giotto Carbon Isotope Analyses in Cometary Mineral Grains -- 2.5.9.4 Remote and In Situ Nitrogen Isotope Analyses -- 2.5.9.5 Remote and In Situ Sulfur and Neon Isotope Analyses -- 2.5.9.6 What Can We Learn from Cometary Isotope Analyses? -- 2.5.10 Conclusions about Remote Observations of Comets -- References.

Chapter 3 Astrochemistry: Water and Organic Molecules in Comets -- 3.1 Water in Cometary Ices -- 3.1.1 The Origin of Terrestrial Water: Isotopic Fingerprinting -- 3.1.1.1 The D/H Ratio in Comets -- 3.1.1.2 The 18O/16O Ratio in Comets -- 3.1.2 Liquid Water in Cometary Nuclei -- 3.2 Artificial Comets: Organic Molecules Identified in Simulated Interstellar Ices -- 3.3 Amino Acids in Simulated Interstellar Ices -- 3.3.1 Amino Acids in Hydrolyzed Refractory Residues -- 3.3.2 Hydrolysis of Refractory Ices -- 3.3.3 Diamino Acids in Hydrolyzed Refractory Residues -- 3.3.4 Amino Acids and Diamino Acids in Meteorites -- 3.3.5 Amino Acids from Remote Observations of Cometary Comae -- 3.4 The Intended Detection of Organic Molecules in a Cometary Nucleus -- 3.5 The Behavior of Organic Molecules During Cometary Impact -- 3.6 The Origin of Life on Earth -- References -- Chapter 4 The Asymmetry of Life -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Photochemical Formation of Chiral Organic Molecules -- 4.2.1 Absolute Asymmetric Photolysis -- 4.2.2 Absolute Asymmetric Amino Acid Synthesis -- 4.3 Enantiomeric Excesses in Meteoritic Molecules -- 4.4 Symmetry Breaking by the Weak Nuclear Interaction -- 4.5 Enantioselective Instruments on the Mars Science Laboratory and ExoMars -- References -- Part II: The Rosetta Mission-Rendezvous with a Comet -- Chapter 5 The Rosetta Cometary Mission: Launch and Target Comet -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Launch Countdown in 2002 and the Targeting of Comet 46P/Wirtanen -- 5.3 The Successful Rosetta Launch with an Ariane 5G+ Rocket in 2004 -- 5.4 Characterization of Target Comet 67P/ Churyumov-Gerasimenko -- References -- Chapter 6 On the Way to Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko -- 6.1 Accelerating the Rosetta Probe Using Swing-by Maneuvers Around Mars and Earth.

6.2 Rosetta's Observation of Comet 9P/Tempel during the Deep Impact Event in 2005 -- 6.3 Rosetta Spacecraft Mistaken as a Near-Earth Asteroid -- 6.4 Rosetta's Asteroid Flybys: Šteins in 2008 and Lutetia in 2010 -- 6.4.1 The Asteroid (2867) Šteins -- 6.4.2 The (21) Lutetia Asteroid -- 6.5 Rosetta Operations Prior to the Cometary Rendezvous -- References -- Chapter 7 Rosetta's Rendezvous with the Comet -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Rosetta in an Artificial Orbit Around the Comet -- 7.2.1 Orbiter Imaging Spectrometers for the Ultraviolet, Visible, and Infrared Spectral Range -- 7.2.2 Rosetta's Microwave and Radio Investigations -- 7.2.3 Rosetta Orbiter Investigations of Trapped Dust and Volatiles -- 7.2.4 Cometary Plasma Sciences Investigated from the Rosetta Orbiter -- 7.3 Soft-landing on the Nucleus of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko: Rosetta's Landing Unit Philae -- 7.4 First Photos to be Taken on a Cometary Nucleus -- 7.5 The First Science Sequence on a Cometary Nucleus -- 7.5.1 Investigating the Comet's Elemental, Chemical, Chiral, and Isotopic Composition -- 7.5.2 Investigating the Comet's Mechanical, Electrical, and Magnetic Properties -- 7.6 The Long-Term Science Sequence Approaching the Sun Piggyback on a Comet -- References -- Chapter 8 Conclusions and Outlook -- 8.1 What Do We Learn from Rosetta's Cometary Exploration? -- 8.2 The Influence of Rosetta's Data on Our Life on Earth -- 8.3 The Next Steps in Comet Exploration and Chirality -- References -- Index -- EULA.