Legumes under Environmental Stress: Yield, Improvement and Adaptations -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Preface -- About the editors -- Chapter 1 Legumes and breeding under abiotic  stress: An overview -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Legumes under abiotic stress -- 1.2.1 Legumes under drought -- 1.2.2 Legumes under salinity -- 1.2.3 Legumes under waterlogging -- 1.2.4 Legumes under temperature extremes -- 1.2.5 Legumes under soil acidity -- 1.2.6 Legumes under nutrient deficiency -- 1.3 Breeding of cool season food legumes -- 1.4 Breeding of cool season food legumes under abiotic stress -- 1.5 Breeding of warm season food legumes -- 1.6 Breeding of warm season food legumes under abiotic stress -- 1.6.1 Short duration and photo-thermal insensitivity -- 1.6.2 Leaf pubescence density -- 1.6.3 Seed dormancy -- 1.6.4 Deep root system -- 1.7 Biotechnology approaches -- 1.7.1 MicroRNAs -- 1.7.2 Molecular marker-assisted breeding -- 1.7.3 Gene pyramiding assisted by MAS -- 1.7.4 Somaclonal variation and in vitro mutagenesis -- 1.7.5 In vitro selection -- 1.7.6 Transcriptomics -- 1.7.7 Proteomics -- 1.7.8 Transgenomics -- 1.7.9 Targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING) -- 1.8 Conclusions and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 2 Salt stress and leguminous crops: Present status and prospects -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Effects of salinity -- 2.3 Responses of plants to salinity -- 2.4 Lessons from studies of the leguminous crops -- 2.4.1 Beans -- 2.4.2 Faba bean -- 2.4.3 Peas -- 2.4.4 Chickpea -- 2.4.5 Cowpea -- 2.4.6 Pigeon pea -- 2.4.7 Lentils -- 2.4.8 Lupins -- 2.4.9 Groundnut -- 2.4.10 Soybean -- 2.5 Omics technologies for understanding salt stress responses in legumes -- 2.6 Conclusions and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 3 Nutrient deficiencies under stress in legumes: An overview -- 3.1 Introduction.

3.2 Environmental stresses and crop growth -- 3.2.1 Drought and salt stresses -- 3.2.2 Heavy metal stress -- 3.2.3 Heat and cold stresses -- 3.2.4 Oxidative stress -- 3.3 Effects of nutrient deficiency -- 3.4 Methods to control nutrient deficiency -- 3.5 Micronutrient deficiency in plants -- 3.5.1 Boron -- 3.5.2 Molybdenum -- 3.5.3 Cobalt -- 3.5.4 Copper -- 3.5.5 Zinc -- 3.5.6 Iron -- 3.5.7 Manganese -- 3.5.8 Nickel -- 3.6 Roles of macronutrients in growth of legumes -- 3.6.1 Role of carbon -- 3.6.2 Role of nitrogen -- 3.6.3 Role of phosphorus -- 3.6.4 Role of sulphur -- 3.6.5 Role of potassium -- 3.7 Storage proteins in legumes and effect of nutritional deficiency -- 3.8 Protective mechanisms triggered in legumes under stress -- 3.8.1 Drought and salinity stress -- 3.8.2 Cold stress -- 3.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Chickpea: Role and responses under abiotic and biotic stress -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Origin and occurrence -- 4.3 General botany -- 4.4 Nutritional uses -- 4.5 Abiotic stress -- 4.6 Chickpea and abiotic stress: The 'omics' approach -- 4.6.1 Proteomics -- 4.6.2 Transcriptomics -- 4.6.3 Genomics -- 4.6.4 Transgenomics -- 4.7 Biotic stress -- 4.7.1 Chickpea and diseases -- 4.7.2 Chickpea and insect pests -- 4.7.3 Chickpea and plant-parasitic nematodes -- 4.8 Breeding of chickpea for biotic stress -- 4.8.1 Breeding chickpea for resistance to diseases -- 4.8.2 Breeding chickpea for resistance to insects and pests -- 4.8.3 Breeding chickpea for resistance to plant-parasitic nematodes -- 4.9 Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 5 Chickpea and temperature stress: An overview -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Impacts on productivity -- 5.2.1 Temperature stresses during the vegetative period -- 5.2.2 Temperature stresses during the reproductive period -- 5.2.3 Temperature stresses during post-anthesis period.

5.3 Impacts on nutritional and processing quality -- 5.4 Breeding for tolerance to temperature stresses -- 5.4.1 High temperature tolerance -- 5.4.2 Low temperature tolerance -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 Effect of pesticides on leguminous plants: An overview -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Uptake, metabolism and persistence of pesticides -- 6.3 Effects of pesticides on leguminous plants -- 6.3.1 Effect on growth -- 6.3.2 Effect on yield -- 6.3.3 Effect on photosynthetic activity -- 6.3.4 Effect on nitrogen fixation -- 6.4 Pesticide tolerance in legumes -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Oxidative stress and antioxidant defence systems in response to pesticide stress -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Fate of pesticides in plants, soil and water -- 7.2.1 Effect of pesticides on non-target plants -- 7.2.2 Effects of pesticide residues in food and water -- 7.3 Pyrethroids: mode of action -- 7.4 Oxidative stress and ROS production in plants -- 7.4.1 Specific biochemical properties of ROS in plants -- 7.4.2 Sites of production of ROS -- 7.4.3 Role of ROS as messengers -- 7.4.4 ROS and oxidative damage to biomolecules -- 7.4.5 Antioxidants -- 7.4.6 Antioxidative defence mechanism against pesticides -- 7.5 Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 8 Legume-rhizobia symbiotic performance under abiotic stresses: Factors influencing tolerance behaviour -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Symbiotic association: A specific plant-microbe interaction -- 8.3 Legume-rhizobia symbiosis: A vulnerable association under osmotic stresses -- 8.4 Nodulation process and symbiotic performance variability -- 8.5 Variability of symbiotic partners' input to symbiosis resilience -- 8.6 Effect of osmotic stress on nodule integrity and functioning -- 8.7 Future prospects -- References.

Chapter 9 Microbial strategies for the improvement of legume production in hostile environments -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Abiotic stresses affecting legume crop productivity -- 9.2.1 Plant growth and stress -- 9.2.2 Rhizobia-legume symbiosis and stress -- 9.3 Improving legume yield by inoculation with rhizobacteria -- 9.4 Biomechanisms regulating growth and development -- 9.4.1 Phytohormone production -- 9.4.2 ACC (1-aminocyclopropane- 1-carboxylate) deaminase -- 9.4.3 Cell wall degrading enzymes -- 9.5 Conclusions and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 10 Role of abscisic acid in legumes under abiotic stress -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Effect of abiotic stress on ABA biosynthesis, catabolism and transport -- 10.3 Perception of ABA in legumes under abiotic stress -- 10.4 ABA mediating whole-legume responses to abiotic stress -- 10.5 ABA regulation of leaf expansion under abiotic stress -- 10.6 ABA as a regulator of nodulation under abiotic stress -- 10.7 ABA and assimilate accumulation under abiotic stress -- 10.8 ABA mediating the expression of abiotic stress-responsive genes -- 10.9 Concluding remarks and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 11 Exogenous application of phytoprotectants in legumes against environmental stress -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Importance of legumes -- 11.3 Legume responses to environmental stresses -- 11.3.1 Salinity -- 11.3.2 Drought -- 11.3.3 Toxic metals -- 11.3.4 High temperature (HT) -- 11.3.5 Chilling -- 11.3.6 Flooding -- 11.3.7 Ozone -- 11.3.8 Ultraviolet radiation -- 11.4 Application of phytoprotectants for enhancing stress tolerance -- 11.4.1 Phytohormones -- 11.4.2 Proline and glycine betaine -- 11.4.3 Polyamines -- 11.4.4 Antioxidants -- 11.4.5 Nitric oxide -- 11.4.6 Micronutrients -- 11.4.7 Trace elements -- 11.5 Conclusion and future perspectives -- 11.6 Acknowledgements -- References.

Chapter 12 Genetic and molecular responses of legumes in a changing environment -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Legumes: a botanical treasure -- 12.3 Environmental threats to legumes -- 12.4 Genetic and molecular responses to salt stress -- 12.4.1 Ionochemical imbalance -- 12.4.2 Metabolite production -- 12.4.3 Water channelling and inter-tissue coordination -- 12.4.4 Regulatory elements -- 12.5 Genetic and molecular responses to drought -- 12.6 Genetic and molecular responses to extremes in temperatures -- 12.7 Plant defence mechanisms and their efficiency -- 12.8 Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 13 Omics approaches and abiotic stress tolerance in legumes -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Omics: Solutions to abiotic stress in legumes? -- 13.3 Transcriptomics -- 13.3.1 Chickpea -- 13.3.2 Soybean -- 13.4 Proteomics -- 13.4.1 Chickpea -- 13.4.2 Soybean -- 13.5 Metabolomics -- 13.5.1 Common bean -- 13.5.2 Lotus japonicus (model legume) -- 13.6 Genomics -- 13.6.1 Chickpea -- 13.6.2 Soybean -- 13.7 Transgenomics -- 13.7.1 Soybean -- 13.7.2 Chickpea -- 13.7.3 Peanut -- 13.8 Functional genomics -- 13.8.1 Gene silencing approaches -- 13.8.2 Tilling -- 13.9 Phenomics -- 13.10 Conclusions and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 14 MicroRNA-mediated regulatory functions under abiotic stresses in legumes -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 MicroRNAs (miRNAs): Small but significant -- 14.3 Micro-RNA identification and functional diversity in legumes -- 14.4 MicroRNA expression profiling under abiotic stresses in legumes -- 14.4.1 Drought stress -- 14.4.2 Salt stress -- 14.4.3 Extreme temperature stress -- 14.4.4 Heavy metal stress -- 14.4.5 Nutrient deficiency stress -- 14.5 MicroRNAs play important roles in nodulation and symbiosis in legumes -- 14.6 MicroRNA-mediated approaches for functional genomics in legumes.

14.7 Conclusions and future prospects.