Cover -- Contents -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- List of Appendices -- Preface -- 1. Women and the demographic transition -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Standard theories of fertility decline -- 1.3 Strategies of fertility control: stopping or spacing -- 1.4 Marriage and the demographic transition -- 1.5 Women and fertility decline: the labour market -- 1.6 Fertility and female empowerment through education -- 1.7 Male versus female interests in declining fertility -- 1.8 Male and female control in marital sexuality -- 1.9 Religion, fertility and gender relations -- 1.10 Design and aims of this study -- 2. Context, data and methods -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The demographic transition in the Netherlands -- 2.3 Pillarization and demographic behaviour -- 2.4 The four towns -- 2.5 Data, sources and methods -- 3. Women, work and occupational careers -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Female labour force participation in the Netherlands -- 3.3 Female work in urban economies: the occupational categories -- 3.4 Occupational careers: initial occupations from the cohort view -- 3.5 Working women's social background from the cohort view -- 3.6 Occupational pathways and women's waged work after marriage -- 3.7 Conclusions -- 4. Work, marriage and prenuptial sexuality -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The urge to marry and standardization of marital patterns -- 4.3 Entry into marriage and the family of origin -- 4.4 Women's labour force participation and entry into marriage -- 4.5 'Shotgun weddings' and premarital pregnancies -- 4.6 Hazard analysis: models of urban marriage in the late nineteenth- and early twentieth century -- 4.7 The results -- 4.8 Conclusions -- 5. Women, work and fertility -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The shape of the urban fertility decline in the Netherlands -- 5.3 Women's occupational and fertility careers.

5.4 Religion and women's fertility behaviour -- 5.5 Breastfeeding and other means of contraception -- 5.6 Hazard analysis -- 5.7 Stopping and spacing -- 5.8 Conclusions -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Appendices -- Appendix 2.1 Dutch Population registers and civil registers -- Appendix 2.2 Sampling and data handling procedures -- Appendix 2.3 Example of a household survey: the household of Research Person Fina Siemerink (cohort 1811-1885) -- Appendix 3.1 Coding and classification of occupations -- Appendix 3.2 Occupational distribution of female Research Persons, by town and birth cohort -- Appendix 3.3 Distribution of social origin (as indicated by father's social class) amongst women in each occupational category, by birth cohort -- Appendix 4.1 The number of cases used to calculate the Kaplan Meier survival curves for entry into marriage -- Appendix 4.2 Kaplan Meier curves showing entry into marriage by social class of father, by cohort -- all four towns combined -- Appendix 4.3 The number and percentage of research persons in each town by religious affiliation -- by cohort -- Appendix 5.1 Number of live births per 1000 of the population, the Netherlands -- 1930-1955 -- Appendix 5.2 Total marital fertility rates (TMFR -- children per married woman) and total marital fertility rates for women aged 20 and over (TMFR+20) by birth cohort and town -- Appendix 5.3 The numbers of women observed by occupational category used in the fertility analyses discussed in chapter 5 -- all four towns taken together -- Appendix 5.4 Stopping and spacing models for fertility by birth cohort, for Catholics and Protestants separately.