Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Part I: Nanocatalysts - Architecture and Design -- 1 Environmental Applications of Multifunctional Nanocomposite Catalytic Materials: Issues with Catalyst Combinations -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 The Three Way Catalyst -- 1.1.2 Operation and Composition of the TWC -- 1.1.3 Process Control to Allow the TWC Operate -- 1.1.4 Changes to Catalyst Formulations Allowing Oscillating A/F Ratios -- 1.1.5 Problems with TWC Technology -- 1.2 Proposed Solutions to the Lean-Burn NOx emission Problems -- 1.2.1 NH3-SCR -- 1.2.1.1 TiO2-Supported V2O5 Catalysts -- 1.2.1.2 Ion-Exchanged Zeolites in NH3-SCR -- 1.2.1.3 SCR-Urea Reactions -- 1.2.2 NOx Trapping -- 1.3 Multifunctional Materials to Combine NH3-SCR and NSR Cycles -- 1.4 Particulate Matter, Formation, Composition and Dangers -- 1.4.1 Particulate Matter Aftertreatment Technology -- 1.4.2 Particulate Traps and Regeneration -- 1.5 Use of Multifunctional Materials to Combust C(s) and Trap NOx -- 1.6 Multifunctional Materials in Selective Catalytic Oxidation -- 1.6.1 Current Epoxidation Reactions -- 1.6.2 H2O2 as a Selective Oxidant -- 1.6.3 Current and Greener H2O2 Production -- 1.7 Proposed Tandem Catalysts for "Green" Selective Epoxidation -- 1.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Chemical Transformation of Molecular Precursor into Well-Defined Nanostructural Functional Framework via Soft Chemical Approach -- 2.1 Introduction -- Aims and Objective of the Chapter -- 2.2 The Chemistry of Metal Alkoxides -- 2.3 The Chemistry of Nanomaterials -- 2.4 Preparation of Monometallic Alkoxides and Its Conversion into Corresponding Metal Oxides -- 2.5 Techniques used to Characterization of Precursor and Inorganic Material -- 2.5.1 1H NMR -- 2.5.2 FT-IR Spectroscopy -- 2.5.3 UV-Visible Spectroscopy -- 2.5.4 Raman Spectroscopy.

2.5.5 Thermal Analysis -- 2.5.6 XRD Studies -- 2.5.7 SEM-EDX -- 2.5.8 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX) -- 2.5.9 TEM -- 2.5.10 STM -- 2.5.11 AFM -- 2.5.12 BET -- 2.5.13 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy -- 2.5.14 Particle size and Its Distribution along with Shape -- 2.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 3 Graphenes in Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Carbocatalysis -- 3.1.2 Structure and Properties of G -- 3.1.3 Defects on G and GO -- 3.1.4 Doped Gs. Properties and Interest in Catalysis -- 3.1.5 Preparation of Doped Gs -- 3.1.6 Preparation Procedures -- 3.1.7 Characterization Techniques -- 3.2 Carbocatalysis -- 3.3 G Materials as Carbocatalysts -- 3.3.1 G as Oxidation Catalyst -- 3.3.2 Reduction -- 3.3.3 G as Acid/Base Catalysts -- 3.4 G as Support of Metal NPs -- 3.4.1 G as Support of Metal NPs Used as Catalyst for Oxidation Reactions -- 3.4.2 Metal NPs Supported in G-Based Materials as Catalyst for Reduction Reactions -- 3.4.3 Metal NPs Supported in G-Based Materials as Catalyst for Coupling Reactions -- 3.4.4 Metal NPs Supported in G-Based Materials as Catalyst for Hydrogen Release -- 3.5 Summary and Future Prospects -- References -- 4 Gold Nanoparticles-Graphene Composites Material: Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Application -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Synthesis of Au NPs-rGO Composites and Its Characterization -- 4.2.1 In Situ Synthesis of Au NPs-rGO Composite Materials -- 4.2.1.1 Thermal Reduction -- 4.2.1.2 Chemical Reduction -- 4.2.1.3 Gas Phase Chemical Reduction -- 4.2.1.4 Electrochemical Deposition of Au NPs onto Graphene Sheets -- 4.2.1.5 Photo-Assisted Reduction -- 4.2.1.6 Ultrasonication -- 4.2.1.7 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis -- 4.2.2 Ex Situ Synthesis of Au NPs-rGO Nanocomposites -- 4.3 Catalytic Application of Au NPs-rGO Composites -- 4.4 Future Prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References.

Part II: Organic and Inorganic Catalytic Transformations -- 5 Hydrogen Generation from Chemical Hydrides -- 5.1 Introduction: Overview of Hydrogen -- 5.2 Hydrogen Generation -- 5.2.1 Measurement Techniques -- 5.2.2 Reactions -- 5.2.3 Rate Calculations and Yields -- 5.3 Type of Catalysts and Catalyst Morphologies -- 5.3.1 Powder Catalysts -- 5.3.1.1 Monometallic Ni(0) -- 5.3.1.2 Monometallic Co-P -- 5.3.1.3 Monometallic CoO -- 5.3.1.4 Monometallic Cu -- 5.3.1.5 Bimetallic Pt-Ru -- 5.3.1.6 Bimetallic Co-Co2B and Ni-Ni3B -- 5.3.1.7 Bimetallic PtxNi1-x -- 5.3.1.8 Ternary Pd-Ni-B Nanoclusters -- 5.3.1.9 Quaternary Co-La-Zr-B -- 5.3.1.10 Quaternary Co-Mo-Pd-B -- 5.3.2 Supported Catalysts -- 5.3.2.1 Cobalt (Co) on Mesoporous Silica -- 5.3.2.2 Cobalt (Co) on Carbon -- 5.3.2.3 Cobalt (Co) on Oxides (TiO2, Al2O3, CeO2) -- 5.3.2.4 Cobalt (Co) on Polymers -- 5.3.2.5 Co(II)-Cu(II) On Polymer -- 5.3.2.6 Ni on Polymers -- 5.3.2.7 Co-Ni-P on Pd-Activated TiO2 -- 5.3.2.8 Ni3B on Carbon -- 5.3.2.9 Ni-Ru Nanocomposite -- 5.3.2.10 Pt on Carbon -- 5.3.2.11 Pt on TiO2 -- 5.3.2.12 Ru on Carbon -- 5.3.2.13 Ru on Al2O3, TiO2, CeO2, Activated Carbon -- 5.3.2.14 Noble Metal Nanoclusters (Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt, Au) on Alumina, Carbon and Silica -- 5.3.2.15 PtPdRu on CNTs (Carbon Nanotubes) -- 5.3.3 Foam and Film Supports -- 5.3.3.1 Fe-Co-B on Ni Foam -- 5.3.3.2 Co-B on Ni Foam -- 5.3.3.3 Ni-B on Ni Foam -- 5.3.3.4 Mg, Al on Ni Foam -- 5.3.3.5 FeB on Ni Foam -- 5.3.3.6 Co-Ni-P on Cu Sheet -- 5.3.3.7 Co-W-P on Cu Plate -- 5.3.3.8 Fe-B on Carbon Cloth -- 5.3.3.9 Cu Film on Cu Foil -- 5.3.3.10 Co-B Film -- 5.3.3.11 Dealloyed Precious Metals on Teflon™ or Asymmetric Membranes -- 5.4 Kinetics and Models -- 5.4.1 Zero-Order Kinetic Model -- 5.4.2 First-Order Kinetic Model -- 5.4.3 Langmuir-Hinshelwood Model -- 5.5 Hydrogen Generation for PEMFCs -- 5.5.1 Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells.

5.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactide -- Abbreviation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Aluminum Metal -- 6.3 Importance of Polylactic Acid -- 6.4 Ring-Opening Polymerization (ROP) -- 6.5 Application of Different Catalytic System in ROP of Lactide -- 6.5.1 Alkyl Aluminum Catalyst -- 6.5.2 Alkoxy Aluminum Catalyst -- 6.5.3 Bimetallic Aluminum Catalyst -- 6.6 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Catalytic Performance of Metal Alkoxides -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Metal Alkoxides -- 7.3 Polymerization Reactions Catalyzed by Metal Alkoxides -- 7.3.1 Ring Opening Polymerization of Olefin Oxides -- 7.3.2 Ring Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Esters -- 7.3.2.1 Lactide -- 7.3.2.2 Ɛ-Caprolactone -- 7.3.2.3 ß-Butyrolactone -- 7.3.2.4 Other Miscellaneous Polymerization Reactions -- 7.4 Reduction Reactions Catalyzed by Metal Alkoxides -- 7.4.1 Hydrogenation -- 7.4.2 Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley Reaction -- 7.4.3 Reduction Reaction with Borane -- 7.5 Oxidation Reactions Catalyzed by Metal Alkoxides -- 7.5.1 Oxidation of Sulfides -- 7.5.2 Oxidation of Olefins -- 7.6 Other Miscellaneous Metal Alkoxide Catalysis Reactions -- 7.6.1 Reactions Catalyzed by s-Block Metal Alkoxides -- 7.6.2 Reactions Catalyzed by p-Block Metal Alkoxides -- 7.6.3 Reactions Catalyzed by d-Block Metal Alkoxides -- 7.6.4 Reactions Catalyzed by f-Block Metal Alkoxides -- 7.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 8 Cycloaddition of CO2 and Epoxides over Reusable Solid Catalysts -- 8.1 Introduction: CO2 as Raw Material -- 8.2 Properties and Applications of Cyclic Carbonates -- 8.3 Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates from the Cycloaddition Reaction of CO2 with Epoxides -- 8.3.1 Inorganic Materials -- 8.3.1.1 Hydrotalcites as Precursors of Mixed Oxides -- 8.3.1.2 Pure and Mixed Metal Oxides.

8.3.1.3 Layered Clay Mineral (Hydroxyapatites and Smectites) -- 8.3.1.4 Zeolite and Molecular Sieves Materials -- 8.3.2 Organic Materials -- 8.3.2.1 Functionalized Chitosan (CS) -- 8.3.2.2 Functionalized Cross-linked Polymers and Resins -- 8.3.3 Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Composites -- 8.3.3.1 Functionalized Silica-Based Catalysts -- 8.3.3.2 Functionalized Mesoporous Ordered Materials -- 8.3.3.3 Supported Organometallic Complexes Catalysts -- 8.3.3.4 Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) -- 8.3.3.5 Polyoxometalate-Based Materials -- 8.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives -- References -- Part III: Functional Catalysis: Fundamentals and Applications -- 9 Catalytic Metal-/Bio-composites for Fine Chemicals Derived from Biomass Production -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Metal Composites with Catalytic Activity in Biomass Conversion -- 9.2.1 Ru-Based Materials as Efficient Catalysts for the Cellulose Valorization -- 9.2.2 Key Catalytic Features: Platform Molecules Nature Relationship -- 9.3 Catalytic Biocomposites with Heterogeneous Design -- 9.3.1 Enzyme Composites in Catalytic Conversion of Biomass -- 9.3.2 Immobilized Enzymes on Magnetic Particles (IEMP) -- 9.3.3 Carrier-Free Immobilized Enzymes -- 9.3.4 Enzyme and Neoteric Solvent Mixture -- 9.3.5 New Immobilized Enzyme Architectures -- 9.3.6 Biocomposites Using Whole Cell -- 9.4 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Homoleptic Metal Carbonyls in Organic Transformation -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Cycloaddition -- 10.2.1 [2+2+1] Cycloaddition -- 10.2.2 Regioselective [2+2+2] Cycloaddition -- 10.3 Carbonylation -- 10.3.1 Carbonylation of Unactivated C(sp3)-H Bonds -- 10.3.2 Oxidative Carbonylation of Arylamines -- 10.3.3 Thiolative Lactonization of Alkynes with Double CO Incorporation -- 10.3.4 Synthesis of Succinimides with Double Carbonylation -- 10.4 Silylation -- 10.4.1 Hydrosilylation of Conjugated Dienes.

10.5 Amidation of Adamantane and Diamantane.