Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Dedication page -- Table of Contents -- About the Companion Website -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 Concepts of Simulation Modeling -- 1.1 Overview -- 1.2 System Modeling -- 1.2.1 System Concept -- 1.2.2 Modeling Concept -- 1.2.3 Types of Models -- 1.3 Simulation Modeling -- 1.3.1 Simulation Defined -- 1.3.2 Simulation Taxonomy -- 1.4 The Role of Simulation -- 1.4.1 Simulation Justified -- 1.4.2 Simulation Applications -- 1.4.3 Simulation Precautions -- 1.5 Simulation Methodology -- 1.5.1 Identify Problem/Opportunity -- 1.5.2 Develop Solution/Improvement Alternatives -- 1.5.3 Evaluate Solution Alternatives -- 1.5.4 Select the Best Alternative -- 1.5.5 Implement the Selected Alternative -- 1.6 Steps in a Simulation Study -- 1.6.1 Problem Formulation -- 1.6.2 Setting Study Objectives -- 1.6.3 Conceptual Modeling -- 1.6.4 Data Collection -- 1.6.5 Model Building -- 1.6.6 Model Verification -- 1.6.7 Model Validation -- 1.6.8 Model Analysis -- 1.6.9 Study Documentation -- 1.7 Simulation Software -- 1.7.1 WITNESS® Simulation Software -- 1.8 Summary -- Questions and Exercises -- Bibliography -- Chapter 2 World-Views of Simulation -- 2.1 Overview -- 2.2 System Modeling with DES -- 2.2.1 System Structure -- 2.2.2 System Layout -- 2.2.3 System Data -- 2.2.4 System Logic -- 2.2.5 System Statistics -- 2.3 Elements of Discrete Event Simulation (DES) -- 2.3.1 System Entities (EN) -- 2.3.2 System State (S) -- 2.3.3 State Variables (VR) -- 2.3.4 System Events (E) -- 2.3.5 System Activities (A) -- 2.3.6 System Resources (R) -- 2.3.7 System Delay (D) -- 2.3.8 System Logic (L) -- 2.4 DES Functionality -- 2.4.1 Discrete-Event Mechanism -- 2.4.2 Time-Advancement Mechanism -- 2.4.3 Random Sampling Mechanism -- 2.4.4 Statistical Accumulation Mechanism -- 2.4.5 Animation Mechanism.

2.5 Example of DES Mechanisms -- 2.6 Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) -- 2.7 Continuous Simulation -- 2.7.1 WITNESS® for Continuous Simulation -- 2.7.2 Hybrid Simulation -- 2.8 WITNESS® World-views of Simulation -- 2.8.1 Attribute -- 2.8.2 Buffer -- 2.8.3 Carrier -- 2.8.4 Conveyor -- 2.8.5 Fluid -- 2.8.6 Labor -- 2.8.7 Machine -- 2.8.8 Part -- 2.8.9 Path -- 2.8.10 Pipe -- 2.8.11 Processor -- 2.8.12 Sections -- 2.8.13 Station -- 2.8.14 Tank -- 2.8.15 Track -- 2.8.16 Vehicle -- 2.9 Summary -- Questions and Exercises -- Bibliography -- Chapter 3 WITNESS® Environment -- 3.1 Overview -- 3.2 The WITNESS® Environment -- 3.3 Menus -- 3.3.1 General Menu Operation -- 3.4 Tool Bars -- 3.4.1 Standard Tool Bar -- 3.4.2 Views Toolbar -- 3.4.3 Element Tool Bar -- 3.4.4 Model Tool Bar -- 3.4.5 Assistant Toolbar -- 3.4.6 Run Toolbar -- 3.4.7 Reporting Toolbar -- 3.4.8 Display Edit Toolbar -- 3.4.9 Creating a New Toolbar -- 3.5 Dialog Boxes and Property Sheets -- 3.5.1 Entry/Field Types -- 3.6 Windows -- 3.7 Layers -- 3.8 The WITNESS® Editor -- 3.8.1 Editor Features -- 3.8.2 Manipulating a Window -- 3.9 Window Operations -- 3.9.1 Windows Options -- 3.9.2 The Interact Box -- 3.9.3 The Clock (Time) -- 3.9.4 The Analog Clock -- 3.9.5 Copying, Cutting, and Pasting -- 3.9.6 Copy and Cut Element's Display or Detail Features -- 3.10 The Help Facility -- 3.11 The Basic Elements -- Questions and Exercises -- Bibliography -- Chapter 4 Basic WITNESS® Modeling Techniques -- 4.1 Overview -- 4.2 Step-by-Step Model Building -- 4.3 Modeling a Simple Manufacturing Process -- 4.3.1 Define: Specifying Elements of the Manufacturing Process Simulation Model -- 4.3.2 Detail: Adding Specifications for Elements to the Model -- 4.3.3 Display: Modifying the Appearance of Elements in the Layout Window -- 4.4 Modeling a Service Process -- 4.4.1 Service Model Example -- 4.5 WITNESS® Code.

4.6 An Extended Example -- Questions and Exercises -- Bibliography -- Chapter 5 Modeling Material Handling Systems -- 5.1 Overview -- 5.2 Material Handling Systems -- 5.3 Material Handling Systems in WITNESS® -- 5.4 Modeling Conveyors -- 5.5 Modeling Paths for Labor and Parts Transit -- 5.6 Modeling Vehicles and Tracks -- 5.7 Modeling Power-&-Free Systems -- Questions and Exercises -- Bibliography -- Chapter 6 Basic Probability and Statistics for Simulation -- 6.1 Overview -- 6.2 Random Variables (RVs) -- 6.2.1 Examples of Discrete Random Variables -- 6.2.2 Examples of Continuous Random Variables -- 6.3 Point Estimation -- 6.4 Confidence Intervals for the Population Mean -- 6.5 Confidence Intervals for the Population Variance and Standard Deviation -- 6.6 Sample Size Determination when Estimating Population Mean -- 6.7 Theoretical Probability Distributions -- 6.7.1 The Uniform Distribution -- 6.7.2 The Normal Distribution -- 6.7.3 The Exponential Distribution -- 6.7.4 The Erlang Distribution -- 6.7.5 The Gamma Distribution -- 6.7.6 The Weibull Distribution -- 6.7.7 Triangular Distribution -- Questions and Exercises -- Bibliography -- Chapter 7 Simulation Input Modeling -- 7.1 Overview -- 7.2 Determining Data Requirements -- 7.3 Methods of Data Collection -- 7.4 Representing Collected Data -- 7.5 Validating Collected Data -- 7.5.1 Filtering the Data from Outliers and Wrong Measures -- 7.5.2 Testing the Data for Independence -- 7.5.3 Testing if Data are Identically Distributed -- 7.6 Fitting Probability Distributions to Collected Data -- 7.6.1 Using Empirical Distributions -- 7.7 WITNESS® Input Modeling -- 7.7.1 WITNESS® RNG -- 7.7.2 Incorporating Collected Data in WITNESS® -- 7.7.3 Using Databases with WITNESS® -- 7.8 Practical Aspects of Input Modeling.

7.8.1 Example of Input Modeling: Auto Service Center -- 7.8.2 Example of Input Modeling: ER Simulation -- 7.9 Summary -- Questions and Exercises -- Bibliography -- Chapter 8 Simulation Output Analysis -- 8.1 Overview -- 8.2 Terminating Versus Steady-State Simulation -- 8.2.1 Terminating Simulation -- 8.2.2 Steady-State Simulation -- 8.3 Determining Simulation Run Controls -- 8.3.1 Determining Warm-Up Period -- 8.3.2 Determining Simulation Run Length -- 8.3.3 Determining the Number of Simulation Runs -- 8.4 Variability in Simulation Outputs -- 8.4.1 Variance Reduction Techniques -- 8.5 Simulation Output Analysis -- 8.5.1 Statistical Analysis of Simulation Outputs -- 8.5.2 Experimental Design -- 8.6 Example: Output Analyses of a Clinic Simulation -- 8.7 WITNESS® Modules for Simulation Output Analysis -- 8.7.1 WITNESS® Outputs and Charts -- 8.7.2 WITNESS® Costing -- 8.7.3 WITNESS® Scenario Manager -- 8.7.4 WITNESS® Documentor -- 8.7.5 WITNESS® Optimizer -- 8.8 Summary -- Questions and Exercises -- Bibliography -- Chapter 9 Model Verification and Validation Techniques -- 9.1 Overview -- 9.2 Model Verification Techniques -- 9.2.1 Verifying Model Inputs -- 9.2.2 Verifying Model Logic -- 9.2.3 Verifying Model Outputs -- 9.3 Model Validation Techniques -- 9.3.1 Validating Model Inputs -- 9.3.2 Validating Model Behavior -- 9.3.3 Validating Model Outputs -- 9.4 Verifying WITNESS® Models -- 9.5 Summary -- Question and Exercise -- Bibliography -- Chapter 10 Simulation Project Management -- 10.1 Overview -- 10.2 Define the Problem -- 10.2.1 Define the Objectives of the Study -- 10.2.2 List the Specific Issues to Be Addressed -- 10.2.3 Determine the Boundary or Domain of the Study -- 10.2.4 Determine the Level of Detail or Proper Abstraction Level.

10.2.5 Determine if a Simulation Model is Actually Needed -- 10.2.6 Estimate the Required Resources Needed to Do the Study -- 10.2.7 Perform a Cost-Benefit Analysis -- 10.2.8 Create a Planning Chart of the Proposed Project -- 10.2.9 Write a Formal Proposal -- 10.3 Design the Study -- 10.3.1 Estimate the Life Cycle of the Model -- 10.3.2 List Broad Assumptions -- 10.3.3 Estimate the Number of Models Required -- 10.3.4 Determine the Animation Requirements -- 10.3.5 Select the Tool -- 10.3.6 Determine the Level of Data Available and What Data is Needed -- 10.3.7 Determine the Human Requirements and Skill Levels -- 10.3.8 Determine the Audience (Levels of Management) -- 10.3.9 Identify the Deliverables -- 10.3.10 Determine the Priority of the Study in Relationship to Other Studies -- 10.3.11 Set Milestone Dates -- 10.3.12 Write the Project Functional Specifications -- 10.4 Design the Conceptual Model -- 10.4.1 Decide on Continuous, Discrete, or Combined Modeling -- 10.4.2 Determine the Elements that Drive the System -- 10.4.3 Determine the Entities that Should Represent the System Elements -- 10.4.4 Determine the Level of Detail Needed to Describe the System Components -- 10.4.5 Determine the Graphics Requirements of the Model -- 10.4.6 Identify the Areas That Utilize Special Control Logic -- 10.4.7 Determine How to Collect Statistics in the Model and Communicate Results to the Customer -- 10.5 Formulate Inputs, Assumptions, and Process Definition -- 10.5.1 Specify the Operating Philosophy of the System -- 10.5.2 Describe the Physical Constraints of the System -- 10.5.3 Describe the Creation and Termination of Dynamic Elements -- 10.5.4 Describe the Process in Detail -- 10.5.5 Obtain the Operation Specifications -- 10.5.6 Obtain the Material Handling Specifications -- 10.5.7 List All the Assumptions.

10.5.8 Analyze the Input Data.