Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Titles in the IFT Press series -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgment -- Preface -- List of contributors -- Chapter 1 Microfiltration for casein and serum protein separation -- 1.1 Introduction of Microfiltration -- 1.1.1 Microfiltration membranes and processes -- 1.1.2 Cross-flow MF mechanisms -- 1.1.3 Fouling in cross-flow microfiltration membrane operations -- 1.1.4 Application of cross-flow microfiltration -- 1.2 Casein Micelles and Serum Proteins in Skim Milk -- 1.3 Effects of Permeate Flux and Shear Stress on Separation Performance -- 1.4 Separation of Casein and Serum Proteins Using Ceramic Membrane MF -- 1.4.1 Conventional microfiltration processing -- 1.4.2 UTP process -- 1.4.3 GP process -- 1.4.4 Isoflux process -- 1.5 Separation of Casein and Serum Proteins Using Polymeric Membrane MF -- 1.6 Comparison of Ceramic Membrane System and Polymeric Membrane System -- 1.6 Nomenclature -- 1.6 References -- Chapter 2 Dairy stream lactose fractionation/concentration using polymeric ultrafiltration membrane -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Ultrafiltration Membrane -- 2.2.1 Ultrafiltration module and configuration -- 2.2.2 Ultrafiltration membrane properties -- 2.3 Ultrafiltration on Lactose Fractionation/Concentration -- 2.3.1 Lactose fractionation/lactose-free milk -- 2.3.2 Methods of lactose removal -- 2.3.3 The patented processes of lactose-free milk product -- 2.3.4 Lactose fractionation from whey -- 2.3.5 Factors affecting lactose fractionation/separation -- 2.3.6 Problems occurring in the ultrafiltration of milk -- 2.4 Integrated Membrane Bioreactor -- 2.4.1 Enzyme immobilization on polymeric membranes -- 2.4.2 Application of integrated membrane bioreactor for producing functional dairy products.

2.5 Future and Challenges in Separating Milk Sugar for a Production of Low Lactose Milk -- 2.5 Nomenclature -- 2.5 References -- Chapter 3 Membrane fouling: a challenge during dairy ultrafiltration -- 3.1 Dairy Ultrafiltration -- 3.2 Flux-Pressure Relationship -- 3.3 Concentration Polarization -- 3.4 Membrane Fouling -- 3.5 Factors Affecting Membrane Fouling -- 3.5.1 Feed properties -- 3.5.2 Membrane properties -- 3.5.3 Operating parameters -- 3.6 Engineering Models for Membrane Fouling -- 3.7 Control Strategies -- 3.7.1 Membrane pretreatment -- 3.7.2 Feed pretreatment -- 3.7.3 Improved system hydrodynamics -- 3.8 Membrane Cleaning and Sanitization -- 3.8 References -- Chapter 4 Dairy protein fractionation and concentration using charged ultrafiltration membranes -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Current practices in dairy protein fractionation using ultrafiltration membranes -- 4.1.2 Current practices for protein concentration -- 4.1.3 Use of charged ultrafiltration membranes for dairy protein fractionation and concentration -- 4.2 Theory -- 4.2.1 Working principle -- 4.2.2 Concentration polarization and permeate flux -- 4.2.3 Constant flux (Jv) or constant pressure (ΔP)? -- 4.3 Charged Ultrafiltration Membranes for Protein Fractionation -- 4.3.1 Materials and methods -- 4.3.2 Results and discussion -- 4.3.3 Concluding remarks -- 4.4 Negatively Charged Ultrafiltration Membranes for Protein Concentration -- 4.4.1 Materials and methods -- 4.4.2 Results and discussion -- 4.4.3 Concluding remarks -- 4.4 Nomenclature -- 4.4 References -- Chapter 5 Demineralization of dairy streams and dairy mineral recovery using nanofiltration -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Membrane Operations -- 5.3 Theory of Separation -- 5.3.1 Salt rejection and the Donnan exclusion mechanism -- 5.3.2 Concentration polarization.

5.4 Dairy Salts and Salt Equilibrium -- 5.5 Membrane Fouling -- 5.6 Conclusions -- 5.6 Nomenclature -- 5.6 References -- Chapter 6 Development and application of reverse osmosis for separation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Reverse Osmosis and Its Working Mechanism -- 6.3 Reverse Osmosis Membranes -- 6.3.1 Inorganic reverse osmosis membranes -- 6.3.2 Polymeric reverse osmosis membranes -- 6.3.3 Thin-film composite reverse osmosis membranes -- 6.4 Membrane Modules and Configurations -- 6.4.1 Spiral wound configuration -- 6.4.2 Hollow fiber, flat sheet, and tubular configurations -- 6.5 Transport Mechanisms and Models in Reverse Osmosis Membranes -- 6.5.1 Diffusion-based models -- 6.5.2 Pore models -- 6.6 Reverse Osmosis Process -- 6.6.1 Overview of the process and performance evaluation in reverse osmosis membranes -- 6.6.2 Parameters affecting performance of reverse osmosis membranes -- 6.7 Technical and Economic Challenges -- 6.7.1 Concentration polarization -- 6.7.2 Fouling -- 6.7.3 Energy -- 6.8 Reverse Osmosis Process in the Dairy Industry -- 6.8.1 Application of reverse osmosis membranes in the dairy industry -- 6.8.2 Factors affecting the reverse osmosis membrane performance in dairy processing -- 6.8.3 Concentration polarization and fouling of reverse osmosis membranes during milk concentration -- 6.9 Current Development in Reverse Osmosis Membranes -- 6.9.1 Thin-film nanocomposite reverse osmosis membranes -- 6.9.2 Membrane surface modification and process optimization -- 6.10 Conclusions and Outlook -- 6.10 Nomenclature -- 6.10 References -- Chapter 7 Pervaporative extraction of dairy aroma compounds -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Pervaporation - Fundamentals -- 7.3 Pervaporation for Recovery of Aroma Compounds Using Organophilic Membranes -- 7.3.1 Dairy aroma compounds.

7.3.2 Membranes used for pervaporative aroma recovery -- 7.3.3 Influence of feed composition on dairy aroma recovery pervaporation -- 7.3.4 Influence of operating conditions on dairy aroma recovery pervaporation -- 7.4 Concluding Remarks -- 7.4 Nomenclature -- 7.4 References -- Chapter 8 Membrane chromatography: current applications, future opportunities, and challenges -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Current Applications -- 8.3 Future Opportunities -- 8.4 Challenges -- 8.5 Conclusion -- 8.5 References -- Chapter 9 Electrodialysis applications on dairy ingredients separation -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Electrodialysis -- 9.2.1 Definition -- 9.2.2 Electrodialysis system -- 9.2.3 Membranes -- 9.2.4 Mass transport -- 9.3 Applications to Dairy Ingredients -- 9.3.1 Proteins -- 9.3.2 Lactose -- 9.3.3 Organic acids -- 9.3.4 Bioactive peptides -- 9.3.5 Phospholipids -- 9.4 Conclusion and Perspectives -- 9.4 Nomenclature -- 9.4 References -- Index -- EULA.