Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Introduction -- Chapter 1 Diversity of Microbes in Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles: Progress and Limitations -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Bacteria -- 1.3. Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Fungi -- 1.4. Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Algae -- 1.5. Applications of Metal Nanoparticles -- 1.5.1. Nanoparticles as Catalyst -- 1.5.2. Nanoparticles as Bio-membranes -- 1.5.3. Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment -- 1.5.4. Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery -- 1.5.5. Nanoparticles for Detection and Destruction of Pesticides -- 1.5.6. Nanoparticles in Water Treatment -- 1.6. Limitations of Synthesis of Biogenic Nanoparticles -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 2 Role of Fungi Toward Synthesis of Nano-Oxides -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Fungus-Mediated Synthesis of Nanomaterials -- 2.2.1. Biosynthesis of Binary Nano-oxides using Chemical Precursors -- 2.2.2. Biosynthesis of Complex Mixed-metal Nano-oxides using Chemical Precursors -- 2.2.3. Biosynthesis of Nano-oxides using Natural Precursors employing Bioleaching Approach -- 2.2.4. Biosynthesis of Nano-oxides Employing Bio-milling Approach -- 2.3. Outlook -- References -- Chapter 3 Microbial Molecular Mechanisms in Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Chemical Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles -- 3.2.1. Brust-Schiffrin Synthesis -- 3.3. Green Synthesis -- 3.4. Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles -- 3.5. Mechanisms for Formation or Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- 3.5.1. Biomineralization using Magnetotactic Bacteria (MTB) -- 3.5.2. Reduction of Tellurite using Phototroph Rhodobacter capsulatus -- 3.5.3. Formation of AgNPs using Lactic Acid and Bacteria -- 3.5.4. Microfluidic Cellular Bioreactor for the Generation of Nanoparticles.

3.5.5. Proteins and Peptides in the Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- 3.5.6. NADH-dependent Reduction by Enzymes -- 3.5.7. Sulfate and Sulfite Reductase -- 3.5.8. Cyanobacteria -- 3.5.9. Cysteine Desulfhydrase in Rhodopseudomonas palustris -- 3.5.10. Nitrate and Nitrite reductase -- 3.6. Extracellular Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- 3.6.1. Bacterial Excretions -- 3.6.2. Fungal Strains -- 3.6.3. Yeast: Oxido-reductase Mechanism -- 3.6.4. Plant Extracts -- 3.7. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Biofilms in Bio-Nanotechnology: Opportunities and Challenges -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Microbial Synthesis of Nanomaterials -- 4.2.1. Overview -- 4.2.2. Significance of Biofilms in Biosynthesis of Nanomaterials -- 4.2.3. Synthesis of Nanomaterials using Biofilms -- 4.3. Interaction of Microbial Biofilms with Nanomaterials -- 4.3.1. Nanomaterials as Anti-biofilm Agents -- 4.3.2. Nanomaterials as a Tool in Biofilm Studies -- 4.4. Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5 Extremophiles and Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles: Current and Future Perspectives -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- 5.2.1. Microorganisms: An Asset in Nanoparticle Biosynthesis -- 5.2.2. Extremophiles in Nanoparticle Biosynthesis -- 5.3. Mechanism of Nanoparticle Biosynthesis -- 5.4. Fermentative Production of Nanoparticles -- 5.5. Nanoparticle Recovery -- 5.6. Challenges and Future Perspectives -- 5.7. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Biosynthesis of Size-Controlled Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles by Bacteria -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Intracellular Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles by Bacteria -- 6.3. Extracellular Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles by Bacteria -- 6.4. Synthesis of Metal Oxide and Sulfide Nanoparticles by Bacteria -- 6.5. Conclusion -- References.

Chapter 7 Methods of Nanoparticle Biosynthesis for Medical and Commercial Applications -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Bacteria -- 7.2.1. Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Bacteria -- 7.2.2. Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles by Bacteria -- 7.2.3. Synthesis of other Metallic Nanoparticles by Bacteria -- 7.3. Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Actinomycete -- 7.4. Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Fungi -- 7.5. Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Plants -- 7.6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Microbial Synthesis of Nanoparticles: An Overview -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Nanoparticles Synthesis Inspired by Microorganisms -- 8.2.1. Bacteria in NPs Synthesis -- 8.2.2. Fungi in NPs Synthesis -- 8.2.3. Actinomycetes in NPs Synthesis -- 8.2.4. Yeast in NPs Synthesis -- 8.2.5. Virus in NPs Synthesis -- 8.3. Mechanisms of Nanoparticles Synthesis -- 8.4. Purification and Characterization of Nanoparticles -- 8.5. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 Microbial Diversity of Nanoparticle Biosynthesis -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Microbial-Mediated Nanoparticles -- 9.2.1. Gold -- 9.2.2. Silver -- 9.2.3. Selenium -- 9.2.4. Silica -- 9.2.5. Cadmium -- 9.2.6. Palladium -- 9.2.7. Zinc -- 9.2.8. Lead -- 9.2.9. Iron -- 9.2.10. Copper -- 9.2.11. Cerium -- 9.2.12. Microbial Quantum Dots -- 9.2.13. Cadmium Telluride -- 9.2.14. Iron Sulfide-greigite -- 9.3. Native and Engineered Microbes for Nanoparticle Synthesis -- 9.4. Commercial Aspects of Microbial Nanoparticle Synthesis -- 9.5. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Sustainable Synthesis of Palladium(0) Nanocatalysts and their Potential for Organohalogen Compounds Detoxification -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Chemically Generated Palladium Nanocatalysts for Hydrodechlorination: Current Methods and Materials -- 10.2.1. Pd Catalysts -- 10.2.2. Data Analysis.

10.2.3. Pd as Dehalogenation Catalyst -- 10.2.4. Intrinsic Potential vs. Performance -- 10.2.5. Concepts for Pd Protection -- 10.3. Bio-Supported Synthesis of Palladium Nanocatalysts -- 10.3.1. Background -- 10.4. Current Approaches for Synthesis of Palladium Catalysts in the Presence of Microorganisms -- 10.4.1. Pd(II)-Tolerant Microorganisms for Future Biotechnological Approaches -- 10.4.2. Controlling Size and Morphology during Bio-Synthesis -- 10.4.3. Putative and Documented Mechanisms of Biosynthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles -- 10.4.4. Isolation of Nanocatalysts from the Cell Matrix and Stabilization -- 10.5. Bio-Palladium(0)-Nanocatalyst Mediated Transformation of Organohalogen Pollutants -- 10.6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 11 Environmental Processing of Zn CONTAINING Wastes and Generation of Nanosized Value-Added Products -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.1.1. World Status of Zinc Production -- 11.1.2. Environmental Impact of the Process Wastes Generated -- 11.1.3. Production Status in India -- 11.1.4. Recent Attempts at Processing Low-Grade Ores and Tailings -- 11.2. Physical/Chemical/Hydrothermal Processing -- 11.2.1. Extraction of Pb-Zn from Tailings for Utilization and Production in China -- 11.2.2. Vegetation Program on Pb-Zn Tailings -- 11.2.3. Recovering Valuable Metals from Tailings and Residues -- 11.2.4. Extraction of Vanadium, Lead and Zinc from Mining Dump in Zambia -- 11.2.5. Recovery of Zinc from Blast Furnace and other Dust/Secondary Resources -- 11.2.6. Treatment and Recycling of Goethite Waste -- 11.2.7. Other Hydrometallurgical Treatments of Zinc-based Industrial Wastes and Residues -- 11.3. Biohydrometallurgical Processing: International SCENARIO -- 11.3.1. Bioleaching of Zn from Copper Mining Residues by Aspergillus niger.

11.3.2. Bioleaching of Zinc from Steel Plant Waste using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans -- 11.3.3. Bacterial Leaching of Zinc from Chat (Chert) Pile Rock and Copper from Tailings Pond Sediment -- 11.3.4. Dissolution of Zn from Zinc Mine Tailings -- 11.3.5. Microbial Diversity in Zinc Mines -- 11.3.6. Chromosomal Resistance Mechanisms of A. ferrooxidans on Zinc -- 11.3.7. Bioleaching of Zinc Sulfides by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans -- 11.3.8. Bioleaching of High-sphalerite Material -- 11.3.9. Bioleaching of Low-grade ZnS Concentrate and Complex Sulfides (Pb-Zn) using Thermophilic Species -- 11.3.10. Improvement of Stains for Bio-processing of Sphalerite -- 11.3.11. Tank Bioleaching of ZnS and Zn Polymetallic Concentrates -- 11.3.12. Large-Scale Development for Zinc Concentrate Bioleaching -- 11.3.13. Scale-up Studies for Bioleaching of Low-Grade Sphalerite Ore -- 11.3.14. Zinc Resistance Mechanism in Bacteria -- 11.4. Biohydrometallurgical Processing: Indian Scenario -- 11.4.1. Electro-Bioleaching of Sphalerite Flotation Concentrate -- 11.4.2. Bioleaching of Zinc Sulfide Concentrate -- 11.4.3. Bioleaching of Moore Cake and Sphalarite Tailings -- 11.5. Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- 11.6. Applications of Zinc-Based Value-Added Products/Nanomaterials -- 11.6.1. Hydro-Gel for Bio-applications -- 11.6.2. Sensors -- 11.6.3. Biomedical Applications -- 11.6.4. Antibacterial Properties -- 11.6.5. Zeolites in biomedical applications -- 11.6.6. Textiles -- 11.6.7. Prospects of Zinc Recovery from Tailings and Biosynthesis of Zinc-based Nano-materials -- 11.7. Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 12 Interaction Between Nanoparticles and Plants: Increasing Evidence of Phytotoxicity -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Plant-Nanoparticle Interactions -- 12.3. Effect of Nanoparticles On Plants -- 12.3.1. Monocot Plants -- 12.3.2. Dicot Plants.

12.4. Mechanisms of Nanoparticle-Induced Phytotoxicity.