The Global Practice of Forensic Science -- Contents -- About the editor -- List of contributors -- Foreword -- Series Preface -- Forensic Science in Focus -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Chapter organization and information -- 2 The practice of forensic sciences in Argentina -- 2.1 Introduction: the Argentine nation -- 2.2 The Judiciary: administration of justice -- 2.3 Law enforcement agencies: auxiliary bodies in support of the Judiciary -- 2.4 A brief history of legal medicine in Argentina -- 2.5 The Forensic Medical Corps -- 2.6 Interaction with the police and the security forces -- 2.7 Types of cases -- 2.8 Training -- 2.9 Financial support to the development of forensic sciences -- 2.10 Certification/accreditation of professionals and abs - quality controls -- 2.11 Getting ready for mass disasters -- 2.12 The political context -- 2.13 The future -- References -- 3 Australia -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 History -- 3.2.1 The Gun Alley Murder (Lack and Morgan, 2005) -- 3.2.2 Wrongful conviction of Edward Splatt (Shannon, 1984) -- 3.2.3 The Royal Commission into the Chamberlain Convictions, (Morling, 1987) -- 3.2.4 The Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (Johnston, 1991) -- 3.2.5 Inquiries into the use of tissue removed at autopsy -- 3.2.6 Inquiry into the circumstances that led to the conviction of Mr Farah Jama (Vincent, 2010) -- 3.3 Establishment of Forensic Service Provision in each Jurisdiction -- 3.3.1 States and Territories -- 3.3.2 National -- 3.4 Types of cases -- 3.4.1 Capability -- 3.4.2 Case types -- 3.5 Structure -- 3.5.1 The Senior Managers of Australian and New Zealand Forensic Laboratories (SMANZFL) -- 3.5.2 The Australia New Zealand Policing Advisory Agency National Institute of Forensic Science (ANZPAA NIFS) -- 3.5.3 The Australian and New Zealand Forensic Science Society (ANZFSS) -- 3.5.4 CrimTrac.

3.5.5 The National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA) -- 3.6 Integration of forensic science -- 3.7 Recruitment -- 3.8 Training -- 3.9 Funding -- 3.10 Political influences -- 3.11 Certification -- 3.12 Laboratory accreditation/quality control -- 3.13 Technology -- 3.14 Disaster preparedness -- 3.15 Legal issues -- 3.16 Research -- 3.17 Future directions: -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Forensic sciences in Canada -- 4.1 History of forensic science in Canada -- 4.2 Structure and funding of Canadian forensic science -- 4.3 Recruitment, training and certification -- 4.4 Forensic education in Canada -- 4.5 Laboratory accreditation -- 4.6 Death investigation systems in Canada -- 4.7 Forensic pathology -- 4.8 Forensic anthropology -- 4.9 Forensic odontology -- 4.10 Forensic entomology -- 4.11 Forensic psychiatry -- 4.12 Forensic psychology and behavioral science -- 4.13 Forensic toxicology -- 4.14 Questioned documents -- 4.15 Criminalistics -- 4.16 Forensic biology -- 4.17 Forensic chemistry -- 4.18 Firearms and toolmark analysis -- 4.19 Crime scene investigation -- 4.20 Drug chemistry -- 4.21 Engineering sciences -- 4.22 Digital and multimedia sciences -- 4.23 Boards of inquiry -- 4.23.1 Kaufman Inquiry -- 4.23.2 Goudge Inquiry -- Further reading -- 5 The Chilean Forensic Medical Service -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 History -- 5.2.1 The crime at the German Legation -- 5.2.2 Military coup -- 5.2.3 Patio 29 -- 5.2.4 The Criminal Process Reform -- 5.2.5 Teaching and academic background -- 5.3 The modernization of the SML -- 5.4 SML technical areas -- 5.5 Gaps and challenges -- References -- 6 Forensic science in Colombia -- 6.1 History -- 6.2 Types of cases -- 6.2.1 Violent deaths in Colombia -- 6.2.2 Nonfatal injuries -- 6.3 Structure -- 6.4 Forensic pathology -- 6.5 Forensic anthropology -- 6.6 Forensic clinical medicine.

6.7 Forensic odontology -- 6.8 Forensic psychiatry -- 6.8.1 Forensic psychiatric expertise -- 6.8.2 Forensic psychiatric or psychological expertise -- 6.8.3 Forensic interdisciplinary expertise -- 6.9 DNA laboratory -- 6.10 Forensic biology -- 6.10.1 Blood search and identification of human blood -- 6.10.2 Analysis for the search of semen stains in forensic interest -- 6.10.3 Macroscopic analysis and microscopic elements in hair -- 6.10.4 Analysis of clinical laboratory -- 6.11 Forensic toxicology -- 6.11.1 Samples used for analysis -- 6.11.2 Analytical techniques -- 6.12 Grafology and questioned documents -- 6.13 Integration -- 6.14 Recruitment -- 6.14.1 Testing -- 6.14.2 Verification of data and references -- 6.15 Training -- 6.15.1 Formal education -- 6.15.2 Continuing education -- 6.16 Funding -- 6.16.1 Government funds -- 6.16.2 Own resources -- 6.17 Political influence -- 6.18 Certification -- 6.18.1 Background -- 6.18.2 Purpose of certification -- 6.18.3 Process description -- 6.19 Laboratory accreditation and quality control -- 6.20 Technology -- 6.21 Disaster preparedness -- 6.22 Legal issues -- 6.23 Research -- 6.24 Future directions -- Acknowledgments -- Note -- References -- 7 Forensic science in Denmark -- 7.1 The beginnings -- 7.2 Forensic technical science -- 7.3 The Danish judicial system, the police and forensic science -- 7.4 Forensic medicine -- 7.5 Forensic pathology -- 7.6 Clinical forensic medicine -- 7.7 Forensic genetics -- 7.8 Forensic toxicology -- 7.9 Forensic odontology -- 7.10 Forensic anthropology -- 7.11 Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) team -- 7.12 National forensic societies -- References -- 8 The practice of forensic science in Egypt: a story of pioneering -- 8.1 Departments of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology and Egyptian universities - Ministry of High Education -- 8.1.1 Historical background.

8.1.2 The policies for recruitment and training -- 8.1.3 Manpower -- 8.1.4 Responsibilities -- 8.2 The Egyptian Medicolegal Authority - Ministry of Justice -- 8.2.1 Historical background -- 8.2.2 Forensic field work -- 8.2.3 Forensic laboratories -- 8.2.4 Counterfeiting and forgery department -- 8.2.5 Manpower and number of forgery and counterfeiting experts -- 8.3 General administration for criminal evidence investigations - the Ministry of the Interior -- 8.3.1 Fingerprints agency -- 8.3.2 Criminal laboratories agency -- 8.4 Funding policy -- 8.5 Political influences -- 8.6 Future steps for development of the forensic science sector -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 The practice of forensic science in Estonia -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 History -- 9.3 Types of cases -- 9.4 Structure -- 9.5 Estonian Forensic Science Institute Departments -- 9.6 National Fingerprint Database and National DNA Database -- 9.7 NAC and CNAC service to the Estonian Central Bank -- 9.8 Laboratory accreditation/quality control -- 9.9 Competence assurance -- 9.10 Funding -- 9.11 Research -- 9.12 Future trends -- 10 History and current status of forensic science and medicine in Finland -- 10.1 Forensic science -- 10.1.1 History of forensic science -- 10.1.2 Types of forensic cases -- 10.1.3 Structure and funding of forensic science -- 10.1.4 Recruitment and competence of forensic experts -- 10.1.5 Quality system in the NBI Forensic Laboratory -- 10.1.6 Technology used in the NBI Forensic Laboratory -- 10.1.7 Research and development in forensic science -- 10.1.8 Future directions of forensic science -- 10.2 Forensic medicine -- 10.2.1 History of forensic medicine -- 10.2.2 Present organization of forensic medicine -- 10.2.3 Specialization in forensic medicine (forensic pathology) -- 10.2.4 Cause of death investigation -- 10.2.5 Postmortem forensic toxicology.

10.2.6 Forensic biology -- 10.2.7 Forensic odontology -- 10.2.8 Forensic psychiatry -- 10.2.9 Clinical forensic medicine -- 10.2.10 Research in forensic medicine -- 10.2.11 The past, present state and future challenges in forensic medicine -- References -- 11 Forensic medicine in France -- 11.1 The history of forensic medicine -- 11.1.1 Examples of historical backgrounds -- 11.1.2 The new organization of the discipline in France -- 11.1.3 Activities of the forensic medicine departments -- 11.2 Scientific and research bodies -- 11.3 Teaching -- 11.4 Forensic organization in criminalistics in France -- 11.4.1 The Institute of Criminal Research of the National Gendarmerie (IRCGN) (www.gendarmerie.interieur.gouv.fr) -- 11.4.2 The National Police Institute of Forensic Science (www.inps.interieur.gouv.fr) -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Forensic medicine in Germany -- 13 Forensic science in Hong Kong -- 13.1 Background -- 13.2 Early history -- 13.3 Early changes and challenges -- 13.4 Court attendance -- 13.5 Attendance at scenes -- 13.6 "New" dangerous drugs legislation and consequences -- 13.7 Training of forensic scientists -- 13.8 Training in fire investigation -- 13.9 Training in blood grouping and blood typing -- 13.10 Training in blood spatter interpretation -- 13.11 Introduction of DNA in Hong Kong -- 13.12 Hong Kong DNA database -- 13.13 The Vietnam War and its impact on Hong Kong forensic caseload -- 13.14 Interaction between forensic scientists and HK Government Departments -- 13.15 Forensic subfields undertaken by the (Royal) Hong Kong Police -- 13.15.1 Fingerprints -- 13.15.2 Bullets and guns -- 13.15.3 Gunshot residues (GSRs) -- 13.15.4 Forensic computing -- 13.16 Political aspect of DNA typing by scientists of the HKGL -- 13.17 Recruitment of forensic scientists in the HKGL.

13.18 Non-Government or privately employed forensic scientists in Hong Kong.