Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgment -- Section 1 Introduction -- Chapter 1 Anesthetic complications-how bad things happen -- Scope of errors -- The human condition -- Scope of complications -- References -- Section 2 Patient risk assessment -- Chapter 2 History and physical evaluation -- Introduction -- Cardiovascular risk assessment -- History -- Cardiovascular examination -- Pulmonary risk assessment -- History -- Pulmonary examination -- Upper airway risk assessment -- Reference -- Chapter 3 Laboratory evaluation -- Introduction -- Basic metabolic panel -- Sodium -- Potassium -- BUN and creatinine -- Serum glucose -- Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) -- Complete blood count -- Coagulation studies -- Liver function tests (Table 3.5) -- Transaminases -- Albumin -- Pregnancy tests -- Cardiac and cardiovascular studies -- Electrocardiogram: preoperative studies -- Additional studies -- References -- Chapter 4 NPO guidelines -- Clear liquids -- Breast milk and infant formula -- Solid foods and nonhuman milk -- Preoperative therapeutics -- Antacids -- Gastric prokinetics -- PPIs and H2 blockers -- Cricoid pressure -- Summary -- References -- Section 3 Anesthetic considerations for special patients -- Chapter 5 Anesthetic considerations for patients with cardiovascular disease -- Introduction -- Hypertension -- Definition -- Pathophysiology -- Treatment -- Risk assessment -- Anesthetic concerns -- Coronary artery disease -- Definition -- Pathophysiology -- Treatment -- Risk assessment -- Anesthetic concerns -- Valvular heart disease -- Aortic stenosis -- Aortic regurgitation -- Mitral stenosis -- Mitral regurgitation -- Mitral valve prolapse -- Prosthetic heart valves -- Cardiac rhythm disorders -- Cardiac dysrhythmias -- Tachydysrhythmias.

Supraventricular tachydysrhythmias -- Ectopic beats -- Atrial fibrillation -- Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) -- Pre-excitation syndromes -- Ventricular tachydysrhythmias -- Ectopic beats -- Bradydysrhythmias -- Sinus bradycardia -- Escape beats -- Conduction disturbances -- Sinus pause (see Figure 5.19) -- Heart block -- First degree heart block -- Second-degree heart block, Mobitz I -- Advanced heart blocks -- Management decisions -- Cardiovascular implanted electronic devices (CIED) -- Implantable cardioverter defibrillators -- Congestive heart failure -- Definition -- Pathophysiology -- Treatment -- Risk assessment -- Anesthetic concerns -- Refererences -- Chapter 6 Anesthetic considerations for patients with respiratory disease -- Introduction -- Supplemental oxygen administration -- Obstructive disease -- Asthma -- Risk assessment -- Anesthetic concerns -- Chronic bronchitis and emphysema -- Risk assessment -- Anesthetic concerns -- Restrictive disease -- Risk assessment -- Anesthetic concerns -- Upper respiratory tract infection -- Smoking -- Anesthetic concerns -- Obstructive sleep apnea -- Risk assessment -- Anesthetic concerns -- References -- Chapter 7 Anesthetic considerations for patients with endocrinopathies -- Diabetes mellitus (DM) -- Anesthetic management -- Hypoglycemia -- Thyroid disorders -- Hyperthyroid disease -- Hypothyroid disease -- Obesity and post-bariatric surgery -- Anesthetic management of the obese patient -- Adrenocortical insufficiency (AI) -- Anesthetic management -- References -- Chapter 8 Anesthetic considerations for patients with psychiatric illness -- Introduction -- Overview of psychiatric disease -- Anxiety disorders -- Mood disorders -- Thought disorders -- Eating disorders -- Substance abuse -- Patient management -- References.

Chapter 9 Anesthetic considerations for patients with neurologic disease -- Motor neuron disease -- Spinal muscular atrophy -- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -- Anesthetic considerations -- Parkinson disease -- Anesthetic considerations -- Myasthenia gravis -- Anesthetic considerations -- Muscular dystrophy -- Anesthetic considerations -- Multiple sclerosis -- Anesthetic considerations -- Cerebral palsy -- Anesthetic considerations -- Seizure disorders -- Anesthetic considerations -- Developmentally impaired disorders -- Down syndrome -- Autism -- Alzheimer's disease -- References -- Chapter 10 Anesthetic considerations for patients with hepatic disease -- Introduction -- Identification and classification of liver disease -- Risk assessment -- Anesthetic concerns -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 11 Anesthetic considerations for patients with renal disease -- Introduction -- Classification of kidney disease -- Comorbidities -- Treatment -- Risk assessment -- Anesthetic concerns -- References -- Chapter 12 Anesthetic considerations for pediatric patients -- Introduction -- The pediatric airway (see Figure 12.1) -- The pediatric pulmonary system -- The pediatric cardiovascular system -- Pediatric pharmacodynamics -- Preoperative evaluation -- Sedative/anesthetic techniques -- Controversies -- Safety in pediatric anesthesia -- References -- Chapter 13 Anesthetic considerations for geriatric patients -- Introduction -- The effects of aging on major organ systems -- Central nervous system -- Cardiovascular system -- Respiratory system -- Renal system -- Pharmacologic considerations -- Preanesthetic evaluation -- Anesthetic management -- Perioperative complications -- References -- Chapter 14 Anesthetic considerations for patients with bleeding disorders -- Laboratory testing of hemostasis -- Common bleeding disorders.

Von Willebrand's disease -- Hemophilia A and B -- Hemophilia and inhibitors -- Thrombocytopenia -- Antithrombotic therapy -- Antiplatelet therapy -- Anticoagulation agents -- Local (topical) hemostatic measures -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 15 Anesthetic considerations for patients with cancer -- Introduction -- Classification and treatment of malignancy -- Common cancer therapies -- Chemotherapy -- Radiation -- Surgery -- Pathophysiological changes associated with malignancy -- Chronic and acute pain -- Psychological distress and depression -- Vascular access -- Drug metabolism -- Cardiac toxicity -- Pulmonary toxicity -- Hematologic considerations -- Renal and hepatic failure -- Gastrointestinal considerations -- Nervous system considerations -- Metabolic imbalances -- Airway considerations -- Anesthetic concerns -- References -- Chapter 16 Anesthetic considerations for pregnant and early postpartum patients -- Maternal concerns -- Respiratory system -- Cardiovascular system -- Gastrointestinal system -- Central nervous system -- Fetal concerns -- Medications -- References -- Section 4 Review of anesthetic agents -- Chapter 17 Clinical principles of anesthetic pharmacology -- The reticular activating system -- Central opioid receptors -- Mechanism of action of anesthetic agents -- The receptor concept -- Conduction of the impulse and GABAA and NMDA receptors -- Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics -- Pharmacodynamics -- Pharmacokinetics -- References -- Chapter 18 Local anesthetic pharmacology -- References -- Chapter 19 Enteral sedation agents -- Triazolam -- Zolpidem -- Zaleplon -- The sublingual incremental dose triazolam technique -- Summary -- Reversal of enteral sedation -- References -- Chapter 20 Parenteral anesthetic agents -- Barbiturates -- Pharmacodynamics -- Pharmacokinetics.

Effect on organ systems -- Adverse effects -- Non-barbiturate intravenous anesthetics Propofol -- Pharmacodynamics -- Pharmacokinetics -- Effects on organ systems -- Adverse effects -- Ketamine -- Pharmacodynamics -- Pharmacokinetics -- Effects on organ systems -- The role of ketamine in office-based anesthesia -- Adverse effects -- Benzodiazepines -- Pharmacodynamics -- Pharmacokinetics -- Effects on organ systems -- Adverse effects -- Alpha-2 Agonists and Dexmedetomidine -- Pharmacodynamics -- Pharmacokinetics -- Effects on organ systems -- Adverse effects -- Opioids -- Pharmacodynamics -- Pharmacokinetics -- Effects on organ systems -- Opioid agonist/antagonists -- Adverse effects -- References -- Chapter 21 Inhalational anesthetic agents -- Nitrous oxide pharmacology -- Physical properties -- Pharmacodynamics -- Pharmacokinetics -- Physiologic effects -- Adverse effects -- Clinical use -- Safety measures -- End point of proper sedation -- Oversedation -- Special Considerations -- Potent Inhalational anesthetic agents -- Pharmacodynamics -- Pharmacokinetics -- Characteristics of individual gases -- Clinical applications -- Sevoflurane mask induction -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 22 Antimuscarinics and antihistamines -- Antimuscarinics -- Mechanism and site of action -- Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics -- Antihistamines (H1 receptor antagonists) -- The agents -- Mechanism and site of action -- Distribution, metabolism, and elimination -- Effects on organ systems -- The role of antihistamines in office-based anesthesia -- References -- Chapter 23 Drug interactions -- Introduction -- Types of drug interactions -- Antagonism -- Potentiation -- Summation -- Synergism -- Unexpected drug effects -- Mechanisms of drug interactions -- Pharmacodynamic interactions -- Pharmacokinetic interactions.

Pharmaceutical interactions.