Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1 Overview of Fish Immune System and Infectious Diseases -- Introduction -- Immune Organs and Tissues -- Thymus -- Kidney -- Spleen -- Gut -- Natural Defense Barriers -- Skin and Mucus -- Innate Immunity and Disease Resistance -- Non-specific Immune Cells -- Non-specific Humoral Molecules of Fish -- Adaptive Immunity -- Cell-mediated Immunity -- Humoral Immunity -- Bacterial Pathogens of Fish -- Flavobacterium spp. -- Francisella spp. -- Aeromonas spp. -- Streptococcus spp. -- Viral Pathogens of Fish -- Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus -- Spring Viremia of Carp Virus -- Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus -- Koi Herpes Virus -- Iridovirus Diseases -- Parasitic Diseases -- Protozoan Diseases -- Monogenetic Trematodes -- Digenetic Trematodes -- Tapeworm, Acanthocephalons, and Nematodes Infection -- Crustacean Parasites -- Fungal Diseases -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Protein, Amino Acids, and Ingredients -- Introduction -- Protein Effects on Immunity in Mammals -- Protein Effects on Immunity in Fish -- Fish Meal Replacement by Plant Protein Mix -- Fish Hydrolysate -- Yeast -- Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles -- Spirulina -- Probiotic Bacteria -- Cottonseed Meal -- Effect of Protein on Immunity in Shrimp and other Crustaceans -- Yeast -- Nucleotides -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Lipids and Fatty Acids -- Introduction -- Biochemistry and Metabolism -- Fatty Acid Acid Structure and Nomenclature -- Lipid Class Structures -- General Lipid Metabolism -- Functional Roles -- Functions of Fatty Acids -- Functions of Phospholipids -- Functions of Cholesterol -- Lipid and Fatty Acid Requirements -- Lipid Requirement -- Essential Fatty Acids -- Requirements for Phospholipids.

Requirements for Cholesterol -- Biochemical/Molecular Basis of Requirements -- Effects of Diet -- Lipids, Fatty Acids, and Health -- Lipids and Fatty Acids and Stress Responses -- Lipids and Fatty Acids and Immune Responses -- Lipids and Fatty Acids and Disease Resistance -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 Carbohydrates -- Introduction -- Biochemistry -- Functions and Metabolism -- Utilization -- Carbohydrate and Stress Responses -- Carbohydrates and Immune Responses in Fish -- Carbohydrates and Disease Resistance -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5 β-Glucans -- Introduction -- Sources and Biochemistry -- Effects on Stress -- Effects on Immune Functions -- Innate (Non-specific) Immunity -- Acquired (Adaptive or Specific) Immunity -- Effects (Adjuvants) on Vaccines -- Effects on Disease Resistance -- Conclusions -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 6 Vitamins (Excluding C and E) -- Introduction -- Lipid-Soluble Vitamins -- Vitamin A -- Vitamin D -- Vitamin K -- Water-Soluble Vitamins -- Thiamin -- Riboflavin -- Vitamin B6 -- Vitamin B12 -- Niacin -- Biotin -- Folic acid -- Pantothenic acid -- Choline -- Myo-inositol -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 The Effect of Vitamin C on Fish Health -- Introduction -- The Immune Response of Fish -- The Innate Immune Response -- The Specific Immune Response -- Factors Influencing the Immune Response -- Vitamin C and Health Status -- Vitamin C as Nutritional Factor -- Vitamin C and Immune Response -- Vitamin C and Resistance to Disease -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 8 Vitamin E -- Introduction -- Molecular Forms and Bioavailability -- Metabolic Functions -- Deficiency Signs -- Growth and Survival -- Muscular Dystrophy -- Liver Damage -- Anemia -- Reproduction and Early Development -- Skeleton Development -- Requirements.

Interactions with Other Nutrients -- Vitamin E and Immune System -- Vitamin E and Resistance to Infectious Diseases -- Vitamin E and Stress Resistance -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 Minerals -- Introduction -- Macrominerals -- Calcium -- Chloride -- Magnesium -- Phosphorus -- Potassium -- Sodium -- Microminerals -- Chromium -- Copper -- Iron -- Iodine -- Manganese -- Selenium -- Zinc -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 Antinutrients -- Introduction -- Thiaminase -- Structure, Sources, and Mechanism of Action -- Effects on Fish Performance, Immune Responses, and Disease Susceptibility -- Avidin -- Structure, Sources, and Mechanism of Action -- Effects on Fish Performance, Immune Responses, and Disease Susceptibility -- Protease Inhibitors -- Structure, Sources, and Mechanism of Action -- Effects on Fish Performance, Immune Responses, and Disease Susceptibility -- Lectins (Hemagglutinins) -- Structure, Sources, and Mechanism of Action -- Effects on Fish Performance, Immune Responses, and Disease Susceptibility -- Phytoestrogens and Phytosterols -- Structure, Sources, and Mechanism of Action -- Effects on Fish Performance, Immune Responses, and Disease Susceptibility -- Phytic Acid -- Structure, Sources, and Mechanism of Action -- Effects on Fish Performance, Immune Responses, and Disease Susceptibility -- Gossypol -- Structure, Sources, and Mechanism of Action -- Effects on Fish Performance, Immune Responses, and Disease Susceptibility -- Cyclopropene Fatty Acids -- Structure, Sources, and Mechanism of Action -- Effects on Fish Performance, Immune Responses, and Disease Susceptibility -- Glucosinolates -- Structure, Sources, and Mechanism of Action -- Effects on Fish Performance, Immune Responses, and Disease Susceptibility -- Erucic Acid -- Structure, Sources, and Mechanism of Action.

Effects on Fish Performance, Immune Responses, and Disease Susceptibility -- Saponins -- Structure, Sources, and Mechanism of Action -- Effects on Fish Performance, Immune Responses, and Disease Susceptibility -- Alkaloids (Lupinine and Mimosine) -- Structure, Sources, and Mechanism of Action -- Effects on Fish Performance, Immune Responses, and Disease Susceptibility -- New Ingredients May Introduce Other Antinutrients -- References -- Chapter 11 Mycotoxin Contamination of Fish Feeds -- Introduction -- Aspergillus Mycotoxins -- Fusarium Mycotoxins -- Synergism -- Mycotoxin Effects on Fish Disease Resistance and Immune Response -- Fish Feeds -- Manufacture of Fish Feeds -- Storage of Fish Feeds to Prevent Mycotoxin Contamination -- Testing for Mycotoxins in Aquaculture Feeds -- Mitigation of Mycotoxin Contamination in Aquaculture Feeds -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12 Nucleotides -- Introduction -- Nucleotide Biochemistry -- Nucleotide Content in Feedstuffs and Commercial Nucleotide Supplements -- Digestion and Absorption of Nucleotides and Related Metabolites -- Biological Effects of Nucleotides -- Growth and Feed Utilization -- Larval Development -- Attractability, Palatability and Feed Intake -- Effects on Gastrointestinal Tract -- Immune Responses to Nucleotides -- Innate Immunity -- Adaptive Immunity -- Disease Resistance -- Stress Tolerance -- Body Composition -- Factors Influencing Efficacy of Nucleotides and Research Interpretation -- Limitations on Experimental Design -- Interfering Nucleotide Content in Feedstuffs and Other Dietary Composition -- Source of Nucleotide Products -- Dose -- Administration Duration and Frequency -- Environmental Factors -- Nucleotide Supply from the Water Environment -- Other Factors -- Conclusions -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 13 Prebiotics -- Introduction.

Biochemical Characteristics of Prebiotics -- Gastrointestinal Tract Microbiota -- Pathogen Entrance -- The Immune System -- Effects of Prebiotics on Integrated Animal Responses -- Disease Resistance -- Nutrient Utilization -- Weight Gain and Feed Efficiency -- Gastrointestinal Tract Development -- Other Physiological Responses -- Practical Applications of Prebiotics -- Synbiotics -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14 Gastrointestinal Microorganisms of Fish and Probiotics -- Introduction -- Microorganisms of Fish -- Gut-Associated Microbiota of Fish -- Bacteria -- Yeasts -- Understanding Probiotics -- Beneficial Effects of Probiotics -- Intestinal Architecture and Immune Response to Luminal Microbes -- Other Benefits of Luminal Microbes -- Organisms Considered as Probiotics -- Bacteria -- Yeasts -- Current Knowledge of the Application of Probiotics on Selected Fish Species -- Developing Probiotics for Fish -- Functionality -- Safety -- Technological Aspects -- Commercial Aspects of Aquaprobiont -- Production technology -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 15 Organic Acids and Their Salts -- Introduction -- Chemical and Physical Characteristics -- Role in Feed Preservation -- Effect in Gastro-Intestinal Tract -- Effects on Growth Performance, Nutrient Utilization, and Disease Resistance -- Salmonids -- Tilapia -- Other Species -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 16 Plant Extracts -- Introduction -- Sources, Chemical, and Physical Characteristics -- Effects on Growth Performance -- Effects on Immune Responses -- Effects on Disease Resistance -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 17 Feeding Practices and Fish Health -- Introduction -- Feeding Level and Fish Health -- Effects on Hematological Parameters -- Effects on Immune Responses and Disease Resistance.

Seasonal Feeding and Health of Channel Catfish.