Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments and Recognitions -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1. Background -- 1.2. Historical Synopsis: Canada and the Arctic -- 1.3. Fascinating Nature of Sea Ice -- 1.4. Sea Ice in Research and Operational Disciplines -- 1.4.1. Sea Ice in Marine Navigation -- 1.4.2. Sea Ice in Physics -- 1.4.3. Sea Ice in Climatology -- 1.4.4. Sea Ice in Meteorology -- 1.4.5. Sea Ice in Oceanography -- 1.4.6. Sea Ice in Marine Biology -- 1.4.7. Sea Ice and Offshore Structures -- 1.4.8. Sea Ice for Search and Rescue and Transportation -- 1.5. Sea Ice and Remote Sensing -- 1.6. About the Book and Its Organization -- Chapter 2 Ice Physics and Physical Processes -- 2.1. Initial Ice Formation -- 2.1.1. Relevant Seawater Properties -- 2.1.2. Seawater Freezing Mechanism -- 2.1.3. Initial Ice Crystals and Frazil Ice -- 2.2. Ice Growth -- 2.2.1. Lateral Ice Growth -- 2.2.2. Vertical Ice Growth (Congelation Ice) -- 2.2.3. Superimposed Ice -- 2.2.4. Thermodynamic Ice Growth -- 2.3. Inclusions in Ice -- 2.3.1. Compositional (Constitutional) Supercooling and Brine Pocket Formation -- 2.3.2. Dendritic Interface of Sea Ice -- 2.3.3. Salinity Loss During Ice Growth -- 2.4. Ice Deformation -- 2.5. Ice Decay and Aging -- 2.5.1. Ice Decay -- 2.5.2. Ice Aging -- 2.6. Ice Classes and Ice Regimes -- 2.6.1. Criteria of Ice Classification -- 2.6.2. Polynyas -- 2.6.3. Pancake Ice Regime -- 2.6.4. Marginal Ice Zone and Ice Edge -- 2.6.5. Ice of Land Origin -- Chapter 3 Sea Ice Properties: Data and Derivations -- 3.1. Temperature Profiles in Ice and Snow -- 3.2. Bulk Salinity and Salinity Profile -- 3.2.1. Bulk Salinity -- 3.2.2. Salinity Profiles -- 3.3. Density of First-Year and Multiyear Ice -- 3.4. Volume Fraction of Sea Ice Constituents -- 3.4.1. Brine Volume Fraction -- 3.4.2. Solid Salt Volume Fraction.

3.4.3. Pure Ice Volume Fraction -- 3.4.4. Air Volume Fraction -- 3.5. Thermal Properties -- 3.5.1. Thermal Conductivity of Sea Ice -- 3.5.2. Thermal Conductivity of Snow -- 3.5.3. Specific Heat of Sea Ice -- 3.5.4. Latent Heat of Sea Ice -- 3.6. Dielectric Properties -- 3.6.1. Dielectric Constant of Brine -- 3.6.2. Dielectric Mixing Models -- 3.6.3. Field Measurements of Dielectric Constant -- Chapter 4 Polycrystalline Ice Structure -- 4.1. Terms and Definitions Relevant to Polycrystalline Ice -- 4.1.1. Special Thermal State of Natural Ice -- 4.1.2. General Terms for Structural Aspects of Ice -- 4.1.3. Basic Terms and Definitions -- 4.2. Morphology of Ice -- 4.2.1. Form of Ice Crystals -- 4.2.2. Miller Indices for Hexagonal Ice -- 4.2.3. Growth Direction of Ice Crystals -- 4.2.4. Ice Density in Relation to Crystalline Structure -- 4.3. Structure- and Texture-Based Classification of Natural Ice -- 4.3.1. Freshwater Ice Classification of Michel and Ramseier -- 4.3.2. Extending Crystallographic Classification of Freshwater Ice to Sea Ice -- 4.3.3. Crystallographic Classes of Natural Ice -- 4.3.4. Stereographical Projection (Fabric Diagram) of Natural Polycrystalline Ice -- 4.4. Age-Based Structural Features of Natural Sea Ice -- 4.4.1. Young Sea Ice, Y (Sikuaq) -- 4.4.2. First-Year Ice, FY (Siku) -- 4.4.3. Multiyear Ice, MY (Qavvaq) -- 4.5. Information Contents in Polycrystalline Ice Structure -- 4.5.1. Geometric Characteristics of Crystalline Structure -- 4.5.2. Geometric Characteristics of Brine Pockets in First‐Year Ice -- 4.5.3. Geometric Characteristics of Air Bubbles -- 4.5.4. Biomass Accumulation at the Bottom of the Ice -- Chapter 5 Aging of Sea Ice: Stories That Were Never Told -- 5.1. Mould Bay Experiments: Beginning of Radarsat Field Project -- 5.1.1. Aging in Sea Ice: Transition from FY to MY Ice -- 5.1.2. Ice Conditions and Parameters.

5.1.3. Interface Between Old and New Ice in SY Ice Cover -- 5.1.4. Multiyear Ice and Interfaces: Mould Bay 1984 Experience -- 5.2. The Ice Island Experience -- 5.2.1. Background History of Ice Islands -- 5.2.2. Shelf Ice and Arctic Ice Islands -- 5.2.3. Multiyear Rubble Field of Arctic Ice Islands -- 5.2.4. Radarsat Images of Glaciers and Arctic Ice Islands -- Chapter 6 Laboratory Techniques for Revealing the Structure of Polycrystalline Ice -- 6.1. Relevant Optical Properties -- 6.1.1. Polarized Light -- 6.1.2. Birefringence or Double Refraction of Ice (Ih) -- 6.1.3. Optical Retardation -- 6.1.4. Interference Colors for White Light -- 6.2. Thin Sectioning Techniques for Ice and Snow -- 6.2.1. Hot- and Cold-Plate Techniques for Thin Sectioning of Ice -- 6.2.2. Double-Microtoming Technique for Thin Sectioning of Ice -- 6.2.3. Double-Microtoming Technique for Thin Sectioning of Snow -- 6.2.4. Precautions for Thin Sectioning by DMT -- 6.2.5. Optimum Thickness for Thin Sections of Ice and Snow -- 6.3. Viewing and Photographing Ice Thin Sections -- 6.3.1. Laboratory and Handheld Polariscope -- 6.3.2. Cross-Polarized Versus Parallel-Polarized Light Viewing -- 6.3.3. Scattered Light and Combined Cross-Polarized/Scattered Light Viewing -- 6.3.4. Circularly Polarized Light and Rapid Crystallographic Analysis -- 6.4. Etching Techniques -- 6.4.1. Sublimation and Sublimation (Higuchi) Etch Pits in Ice -- 6.4.2. Etching Processes and Applications -- 6.4.3. Thermal Etching of Microtomed Ice Surfaces -- 6.4.4. Chemical Etching and Replicating Ice Surfaces -- Chapter 7 Remote Sensing Principles Relevant to Sea Ice -- 7.1. General Principles of Satellite Remote Sensing -- 7.2. Historical Synopsis of Satellite Remote Sensing for Sea Ice -- 7.3. Electromagnetic Wave Processes and Properties -- 7.3.1. Polarization of EM Waves.

7.3.2. Reflection, Transmission, Absorption, Scattering, and Emission -- 7.3.3. Brightness Temperature -- 7.3.4. Penetration Depth -- 7.4. Optical Sensing -- 7.5. Thermal Infrared Sensing -- 7.6. Microwave Sensing -- 7.6.1. Passive Microwave -- 7.6.2. Active Microwave -- 7.7. Radiative Processes in Relevant Media -- 7.7.1. Atmospheric Influences -- 7.7.2. Seawater -- 7.7.3. Snow on Sea Ice: Physical and Radiative Processes -- Chapter 8 Data Sets of Radiative Measurements and Properties -- 8.1. Radar Backscatter -- 8.1.1. Backscatter Databases from Ice Types and Open Water -- 8.1.2. Effect of Surface Wind Speed over Ocean on Backscatter -- 8.1.3. Multipolarization Data -- 8.2. Microwave Brightness Temperature Data -- 8.3. Visible and Near-Infrared Reflectance and Albedo -- 8.4. Emissivity Data in the Microwave Band -- 8.5. Microwave Penetration Depth -- Chapter 9 Retrieval of Sea Ice Surface Features -- 9.1. Surface Deformation -- 9.2. Cracks and Leads -- 9.3. Surface Melt -- 9.3.1. Optical Satellite Observations -- 9.3.2. Passive Microwave Observations -- 9.3.3. Active Microwave Observations -- 9.3.4. Airborne Photography -- 9.4. Frost Flowers -- Chapter 10 Retrieval of Ice and Snow Geophysical Parameters -- 10.1. Ice Type Classification -- 10.1.1. Ice Classification from Optical and TIR Systems -- 10.1.2. Ice Classification from Microwave Data -- 10.2. Ice Concentration -- 10.2.1. Ice Concentration Using VIS and TIR Images -- 10.2.2. Ice Concentration Using Passive Microwave Observations -- 10.2.3. Ice Concentration Using SAR -- 10.3. Sea Ice Extent and Area -- 10.4. Ice Thickness -- 10.4.1. Thermal Infrared Observations -- 10.4.2. Passive Microwave Observations -- 10.4.3. Altimeter Observations -- 10.4.4. SAR Observations -- 10.4.5. Helicopter-Borne Electromagnetic Sensor -- 10.5. Ice Surface Temperature -- 10.5.1. Using TIR Observations.

10.5.2. Using Passive Microwave Observations -- 10.6. Snow Depth Over Sea Ice -- 10.7. Ice Motion -- 10.7.1. Ice Motion from Remote Sensing -- 10.7.2. Radarsat Geophysical Processor System -- 10.7.3. Ice Tracking Algorithm from the Canadian Ice Service -- Chapter 11 Sea Ice Service in Canada: History and Current Operational Programs -- 11.1. History of Ice Service in Canada -- 11.2. Operational Sea Ice Programs and Products -- 11.2.1. Coding Ice Information in Ice Charts -- 11.2.2. Ice Reconnaissance Charts -- 11.2.3. Image Analysis Charts -- 11.2.4. Daily Ice Analysis Charts -- 11.2.5. Regional Ice Charts -- References -- Index -- Supplemental Images -- EULA.