Normal Anatomy -- EMBRYOLOGY -- PATELLAR MORPHOLOGY -- Anterior Surface -- Posterior Surface -- Articular Surface -- Medial Facet -- Lateral Facet -- Base of the Patella -- Apex of the Patella -- Paramedian Borders -- OSSEOUS STRUCTURE -- TROCHLEAR SURFACE OF THE FEMUR -- Lateral (External) Trochlear Facet -- Supratrochlear Fossa -- Trochlear Condylar Junctions -- SYNOVIUM OF THE PATELLOFEMORAL JOINT -- Suprapatellar Pouch -- Peripatellar Synovium -- Infrapatellar Synovium -- SOFT-TISSUE STABILIZERS -- Passive Stabilizers -- Active Stabilizers -- VASCULAR ANATOMY OF THE PATELLOFEMORAL JOINT -- Arterial Supply -- Venous Drainage -- Functional Aspects of the Vascular Supply -- Biomechanics of the Patellofemoral Joint -- BIOMECHANICS -- FUNCTIONS OF THE PATELLA -- STATICS -- Calculation of Patellofemoral Compression -- PATELLOFEMORAL CONTACT AREAS -- DYNAMICS -- KNEE EXTENSION AGAINST RESISTANCE -- LAW OF VALGUS -- ABNORMAL BIOMECHANICS -- History and Physical Examination -- HISTORY -- The Complaint -- Onset of the Problem -- What Is the Nature of the Pain? -- History of Overuse? -- History of Surgeries -- Other Medical History -- Patient Goals and Expectations -- Pain Diagrams -- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION -- Evidence of Malalignment -- Reproducing the Patient's Pain -- Putting It All Together -- Imaging the Patellofemoral Joint -- STANDARD VIEWS -- Anteroposterior View -- Lateral View -- Tangential (Axial) View -- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY -- Performing Patellofemoral CT -- DETERMINING SUBLUXATION AND TILT USING TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGES -- ARTHROGRAPHY -- PATELLOFEMORAL RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION IN CHILDREN -- Birth to 5 Years -- Five to Eleven Years -- After 11 Years -- MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING -- RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING -- OTHER IMAGING TECHNIQUES -- PRACTICAL ALGORITHM FOR IMAGING THE PATELLOFEMORAL JOINT -- Arthroscopy of the Patellofemoral Joint.

BASIC SETUP AND TECHNIQUE -- CLASSIFICATION OF ARTICULAR LESIONS -- ARTHROSCOPIC DEBRIDEMENT -- ARTHROSCOPIC LATERAL RELEASE -- ARTHROSCOPIC MEDIAL IMBRICATION -- ARTHROSCOPIC ARTHROPLASTY -- SYMPTOMATIC PLICA AND SYNOVIAL RESECTION -- SUMMARY -- Dysplasias -- PATELLAR DYSPLASIAS -- Aplasia -- Hypoplasia -- Partial Hypoplasia -- Patella Fragmentation -- Marginal Patellar Defects -- Patellar Reduplication -- Hyperplasia or Patella Magna -- SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR PATELLA MALPOSITION -- Patella Alta -- Patella Baja or Infera -- TROCHLEAR DYSPLASIAS -- Hypoplasia of the Medial Condyle -- Aplasia of the Medial Trochlea -- Global Dystrophy of the Trochlea -- SOFT-TISSUE DYSPLASIA -- Nonarthritic Anterior Knee Pain -- CLINICAL FEATURES -- Symptoms -- Physical Findings -- RETINACULAR PAIN -- PLICA OR SYNOVITIS -- PATELLAR TENDINITIS (JUMPER'S KNEE) -- Prepatellar Bursitis -- Retropatellar Tendon Bursitis -- Pes Anserinus Bursitis -- Fat Pad Syndrome -- MENISCAL LESIONS -- CRUCIATE LIGAMENT DEFICIENCY AND RECONSTRUCTION -- HEMANGIOMA -- RUNNERS' KNEE -- ILIOTIBIAL FRICTION BAND SYNDROME -- REFERRED PAIN -- REHABILITATION OF SOFT-TISSUE PROBLEMS -- Patellar Tilt Compression and the Excessive Lateral Pressure Syndrome -- CLINICAL FEATURES -- Signs and Symptoms -- NATURAL HISTORY OF THE TILT COMPRESSION SYNDROME -- RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES -- Axial View Arthrography -- CT and MRI -- Indirect Signs of Excessive Pressure -- ETIOLOGY -- Excessive Lateral Ligamentous Tension -- Causes of Excessive Lateral Ligamentous Tension -- Disruption of Medial Stabilizers -- Residual Retinacular Band -- Treatment of Patients with Tilt Compression (Nonoperative) -- LATERAL RELEASE FOR THE PATIENT WITH TILT COMPRESSION SYNDROME -- TECHNIQUE OF LATERAL RETINACULAR RELEASE -- Complications of Lateral Retinacular Release -- CASE HISTORIES -- Patient 1 (32-Year-Old Female Hairdresser).

Patient 2 (16-Year-Old Girl) -- Patient 3 (30-Year-Old Man) -- Patient 4 (27-Year-Old Woman) -- Patellar Subluxation -- TYPES OF SUBLUXATION (TRANSLATION) -- Minor Recurrent Lateral Subluxation -- Major Recurrent Lateral Subluxation -- Persistent Lateral Patella Displacement -- ETIOLOGY -- Congenital Subluxation -- Secondary Subluxation -- Natural History -- CLINICAL FEATURES OF SUBLUXATION -- History -- Physical Findings -- Diagnosis -- Radiologic Features -- TREATMENT -- Nonoperative Treatment -- Operative Treatment -- Patellar Dislocation -- ETIOLOGY OF PATELLAR DISLOCATION -- Bony Abnormalities -- Soft-Tissue Abnormalities -- DIRECT PATELLAR TRAUMA WITHOUT DISLOCATION -- ACUTE PATELLAR DISLOCATION -- Clinical Picture -- Radiologic Features -- Pathoanatomy -- Treatment -- Fulkerson's Approach to Acute Patellar Dislocation -- RECURRENT PATELLAR DISLOCATION -- Clinical Features -- Radiologic Features -- Treatment -- PERMANENT PATELLAR DISLOCATION -- Congenital Form -- Acquired Form -- Etiology -- Clinical Features -- Radiologic Features -- Treatment -- Articular Cartilage Lesions in Patellofemoral Pain Patients -- HISTORICAL REVIEW -- NEUROTROPHINS AND PATELLOFEMORAL PAIN -- PATELLAR ARTICULAR CARTILAGE BREAKDOWN -- ANATOMIC ASPECTS OF PATELLAR CARTILAGE BREAKDOWN -- Closed Chondromalacia -- Open Chondromalacia -- Chondrosclerosis -- Tuft Formation -- Superficial Surface Changes -- Global Chondromalacia -- Outerbridge Classification -- LOCATION OF LESIONS -- MICROSCOPIC ASPECTS OF PATELLAR ARTICULAR CARTILAGE DEGENERATION -- Closed Chondromalacia -- Open Chondromalacia -- Chondrosclerosis -- MECHANICAL PATHOGENESIS OF ARTHROSIS -- Origin of Arthrosis: Its Mechanical Nature -- Initiation of Arthrosis -- Patellar Articular Cartilage Healing -- ARTICULAR CARTILAGE LESIONS IN THE PATIENT WITH CHRONIC PATELLAR TILT.

ARTICULAR CARTILAGE LESIONS RELATED TO PATELLAR SUBLUXATION -- CLINICAL FEATURES-CHONDROMALACIA RELATED TO MALALIGNMENT -- Trauma and Infrapatellar Contracture -- SYMPTOMS AND PHYSICAL FINDINGS IN PATIENTS WITH CHONDROMALACIA-ARTHROSIS -- Clinical Forms -- Radiologic Features -- OSTEOCHONDRITIS DISSECANS AND OSTEONECROSIS -- Nonoperative Treatment -- PLANNING TREATMENT -- Malposition -- Chondrosis-Arthrosis -- Retinacular Pain -- Plica -- Synovitis -- Muscle-Tendon Pain -- Referred Pain -- FORMS OF TREATMENT -- Injection -- Compartment Syndrome Treatment -- Home Therapy -- Physical Therapy -- REHABILITATION -- Kinetic Chain Mobilization, Alignment, and Proprioception -- Stretching the Kinetic Chain -- Patellofemoral Taping -- Strengthening -- Braces -- Activity Modification -- Surgical Treatment of Patellofemoral Articular Lesions -- PATELLOFEMORAL ARTHROSCOPY -- PATELLOFEMORAL RECONSTRUCTION -- Selecting Appropriate Patients for Lateral Release -- Anteromedial Tibial Tubercle Transfer -- OTHER SURGICAL ALTERNATIVES FOR THE PATIENT WITH PATELLAR ARTHROSIS -- Patellectomy -- Tibial Tubercle Anteriorization with Bone Graft -- Cellular Resurfacing -- Infrapatellar Contracture Syndrome -- Patellofemoral Replacement -- PATELLOFEMORAL JOINT RESURFACING IN KNEE JOINT REPLACEMENT SURGERY -- Osteotomy of the Patella -- Anterolateral Transfer of the Tibial Tubercle -- Index.