Contents -- General Introduction -- CARDIAC SURGERY -- 1 The Fundamentals of Cardiac Surgery -- 1.1 Preoperative Assessment -- 1.1.1 Patient History -- 1.1.2 Physical Examination -- 1.1.3 Investigations -- 1.2 Patient Preparation -- 1.2.1 Preoperative Blood Tests -- 1.2.2 Assessment of Risks -- 1.2.3 Skin Cleansing and Shaving -- 1.2.4 Discontinuation of Medication -- 1.2.5 Consent -- 1.3 Intraoperative Care -- 1.3.1 Induction of Anesthesia -- 1.3.2 Surgical Preparation of the Patient -- 1.3.3 Draping -- 1.3.4 Cardiopulmonary Bypass -- 1.3.5 Myocardial Protection -- 1.4 Postoperative Care -- 1.4.1 Respiratory Care -- 1.4.2 Hemodynamic Management -- 1.4.3 Heart Rate and Rhythm Management -- 1.4.4 Postoperative Ischemia and Infarction -- 1.4.5 Right Ventricular Failure and Pulmonary Hypertension -- 1.4.6 Bleeding -- 1.4.7 Renal Dysfunction -- 1.4.8 Neurologic Events -- 1.4.9 Gastrointestinal Events -- 1.4.10 Infections -- 2 Congenital Heart Disease -- 2.1 Atrial Septal Defect -- 2.1.1 Pathophysiology -- 2.1.2 Epidemiology -- 2.1.3 Types of Atrial Septal Defects -- 2.1.4 Diagnosis -- 2.1.5 Treatment -- 2.1.6 Decompression Sickness -- 2.1.7 Paradoxical Emboli -- 2.1.8 Migraine -- 2.1.9 Prognosis -- 2.2 Ventricular Septal Defect -- 2.2.1 Causes, Incidence, and Risk Factors -- 2.2.2 Pathophysiology -- 2.2.3 Symptoms and Signs -- 2.2.4 Treatment -- 2.2.5 Prognosis -- 2.3 Patent Ductus Arteriosus -- 2.3.1 Physiology -- 2.3.2 Causes, Incidence, and Symptoms -- 2.3.3 Diagnosis -- 2.3.4 Treatment -- 2.3.5 Prognosis -- 2.4 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis -- 2.4.1 Evaluation -- 2.4.2 Treatment -- 2.5 Coarctation of the Aorta -- 2.5.1 Incidence, Signs, and Symptoms -- 2.5.2 Imaging and Diagnosis -- 2.5.3 Treatment -- 2.5.4 Prognosis -- 2.6 Atrioventricular Septal Defect -- 2.6.1 Pathophysiology -- 2.6.2 Treatment -- 2.7 Tetralogy of Fallot.

2.7.1 Causes, Incidence, and Symptoms -- 2.7.2 Palliative Surgery -- 2.7.3 Total Surgical Repair -- 2.7.4 Prognosis -- 2.8 Transposition of the Great Vessels -- 2.8.1 Dextro-Transposition of the Great Arteries -- 2.8.2 Levo-Transposition of the Great Arteries -- 2.8.3 Causes, Incidence, and Symptoms -- 2.8.4 Treatment -- 2.8.5 Prognosis -- 2.9 Tricuspid Atresia -- 2.9.1 Treatment -- 2.9.2 Prognosis -- 2.10 Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return -- 2.10.1 Variations -- 2.10.2 Pathophysiology -- 2.10.3 Treatment -- 2.11 Truncus Arteriosus -- 2.11.1 Treatment -- 2.12 Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome -- 2.12.1 Symptoms -- 2.12.2 Treatment -- 2.12.3 Prognosis -- 2.13 Pulmonary Atresia -- 2.13.1 Treatment -- 2.13.2 Prognosis -- 2.14 Ebstein's Anomaly -- 2.14.1 Symptoms -- 2.14.2 Treatment -- 2.14.3 Prognosis -- 2.15 Vascular Rings -- 2.15.1 Incidence and Causes -- 2.15.2 Symptoms -- 2.15.3 Treatment -- 3 Valvular Heart Disease -- 3.1 Aortic Valve Disease -- 3.1.1 Anatomy -- 3.1.2 Aortic Stenosis -- 3.1.3 Aortic Regurgitation -- 3.1.4 Prosthesis Selection -- 3.1.5 Technique of Operation -- 3.1.6 Operative Mortality -- 3.1.7 Long-Term Survival -- 3.1.8 Valve-Related Complications -- 3.2 Mitral Valve Disease -- 3.2.1 Anatomy -- 3.2.2 Mitral Stenosis -- 3.2.3 Mitral Regurgitation -- 3.3 Tricuspid Valve Disease -- 3.3.1 Anatomy -- 3.3.2 Etiology -- 3.3.3 Tricuspid Regurgitation -- 3.3.4 Tricuspid Stenosis -- 3.3.5 Surgery -- 3.3.6 Results -- 3.4 Infective Endocarditis -- 4 Ischemic Heart Disease -- 4.1 Pathogenesis -- 4.1.1 Role of Fixed Coronary Obstructions -- 4.1.2 Role of Acute Plaque Change -- 4.2 Chronic Coronary Artery Disease -- 4.2.1 Symptoms -- 4.2.2 Preoperative Evaluation -- 4.2.3 Indication for Surgery -- 4.2.4 Surgical Procedure -- 4.2.5 Outcomes -- 4.3 Unstable Angina -- 4.4 Ischemic Myocardial Injury -- 4.4.1 Progression of Damage.

4.4.2 Effects of Reperfusion -- 4.4.3 Revascularization in Acute Myocardial Infarction -- 4.5 Mechanical Complications of Myocardial Infarction -- 4.5.1 Free-Wall Rupture -- 4.5.2 Post-Infarction Ventricular Septal Defect -- 4.5.3 Papillary Muscle Rupture -- 4.5.4 Aneurysmal Formation -- 4.5.5 Ventricular Remodeling -- 5 Pericardial Disease -- 5.1 Pericarditis -- 5.1.1 Etiology -- 5.1.2 Classification -- 5.1.3 Signs and Symptoms -- 5.1.4 Physical Examinations -- 5.1.5 Cardiac Tamponade -- 5.1.6 Diagnosis -- 5.1.7 Treatment -- 5.2 Constrictive Pericarditis -- 5.2.1 Etiology -- 5.2.2 Pathophysiology -- 5.2.3 Diagnosis -- 5.2.4 Clinical Features -- 5.2.5 Treatment -- 5.3 Acute Cardiac Tamponade -- 5.3.1 Clinical Findings -- 5.3.2 Investigations -- 5.3.3 Variant Forms of Cardiac Tamponade -- 5.3.4 Management of Acute Cardiac Tamponade -- 6 Cardiac Tumors -- 6.1 Primary Benign Tumors -- 6.1.1 Myxoma -- 6.1.2 Lipoma -- 6.1.3 Papillary Fibroelastoma -- 6.1.4 Rhabdomyoma -- 6.1.5 Fibroma -- 6.1.6 Mesothelioma of the Atrioventricular Node -- 6.1.7 Pheochromocytoma -- 6.1.8 Paraganglioma -- 6.1.9 Hemangioma -- 6.1.10 Teratoma -- 6.1.11 Castleman Tumor -- 6.2 Primary Malignant Tumors -- 6.2.1 Angiosarcoma -- 6.2.2 Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma -- 6.2.3 Rhabdomyosarcoma -- 6.2.4 Other Sarcomas and Mesenchymal-Origin Tumors -- 6.2.5 Lymphomas -- 6.2.6 Pulmonary Artery Sarcomas -- 6.2.7 Heart Transplantation -- 6.3 Secondary Metastatic Tumors -- 6.4 Right Atrial Extension of Subdiaphragmatic Tumors -- 6.5 Carcinoid Heart Disease -- 6.5.1 Clinical Presentation -- 6.5.2 Diagnosis -- 6.5.3 Treatment -- 6.5.4 Surgical and Interventional Treatment -- 7 Traumatic Heart Disease -- 7.1 Penetrating Cardiac Trauma -- 7.1.1 Prehospital Management -- 7.1.2 Initial Assessment -- 7.1.3 Cardiac Tamponade -- 7.1.4 Perioperative Management -- 7.1.5 Postoperative Complications.

7.2 Blunt Cardiac Trauma -- 7.2.1 Mechanisms and Types of Injury -- 7.2.2 Natural History -- 7.2.3 Diagnosis -- 7.2.4 Assessment and Management -- 7.3 Thoracic Aorta and Arch Vessel Blunt Trauma -- 7.3.1 Diagnosis -- 7.3.2 Assessment and Management -- 7.4 Commotio Cordis -- 7.4.1 Epidemiology -- 7.4.2 Outcome -- 7.4.3 Preventive Strategies -- 8 Pulmonary Embolism -- 8.1 Signs and Symptoms -- 8.2 Diagnosis -- 8.2.1 Blood Tests -- 8.2.2 Non-Invasive Imaging -- 8.2.3 Other Tests -- 8.3 Treatment -- 8.3.1 Anticoagulation -- 8.3.2 Thrombolysis -- 8.3.3 Surgery -- 8.3.4 Inferior Vena Cava Filter -- 8.3.5 Prognosis -- 8.4 Pulmonary Thromboendarterectomy -- 9 Surgery of Arrhythmias -- 9.1 Conduction System Anatomy -- 9.1.1 Sinus Node and Atrium -- 9.1.2 Atrioventricular Node -- 9.1.3 His-Purkinje System and Ventricles -- 9.1.4 Abnormal Connections -- 9.2 Pathophysiology -- 9.2.1 Abnormal Pulse Formation -- 9.2.2 Abnormal Pulse Conduction -- 9.2.3 Arrhythmias -- 9.3 Noninvasive Diagnostic Methods -- 9.4 Invasive Diagnostic Methods -- 9.4.1 Electrophysiologic Study -- 9.4.2 Endocardial Mapping -- 9.5 Therapeutic Choices -- 9.5.1 Pharmacologic -- 9.5.2 Pacemakers -- 9.5.3 Catheter Ablation -- 9.5.4 Implantable Defibrillators -- 9.5.5 Surgery -- 9.6 Atrial Fibrillation -- 9.6.1 Surgical Indications -- 9.6.2 Surgical Technique -- 10 The Heart Transplantation -- 10.1 History -- 10.2 The Cardiac Recipient -- 10.2.1 Etiology of End-Stage Cardiac Failure -- 10.2.2 Indications for Cardiac Transplantation -- 10.2.3 Contraindications for Cardiac Transplantation -- 10.2.4 Management of Recipient -- 10.3 The Cardiac Donor -- 10.3.1 Donor Heart Procurement -- 10.3.2 Donor-Recipient Matching -- 10.4 Surgery -- 10.4.1 Orthotopic Heart Transplantation -- 10.4.2 Heterotopic Heart Transplantation -- 10.5 Postoperative Management.

10.5.1 Intermediate Care Unit and Convalescent Ward -- 10.5.2 Outpatient Follow-up -- 10.6 Immunosuppressive Therapy -- 10.6.1 Immunosuppressive Strategies -- 10.7 Complications -- 10.7.1 Acute Rejection -- 10.7.2 Infectious Complications -- 10.7.3 Allograft Coronary Artery Disease -- 10.7.4 Renal Dysfunction -- 10.7.5 Hypertension -- 10.7.6 Malignancy -- 10.7.7 Other Chronic Complications -- 10.7.8 Retransplantation -- 10.8 Results -- 11 The Extracorporeal Circulation and Cardiac Support -- 11.1 Cardiopulmonary Bypass -- 11.1.1 Components -- 11.1.2 Conduct of Cardiopulmonary Bypass -- 11.1.3 Stopping Cardiopulmonary Bypass -- 11.1.4 Complications -- 11.1.5 Results -- 11.2 Cardiac Support Devices -- 11.2.1 Short-Term Mechanical Support -- 11.2.2 Long-Term Mechanical Support -- 11.2.3 Complications -- 11.2.4 Clinical Results -- VASCULAR SURGERY -- 1 The Principles of Vascular Surgery -- 1.1 Medical Examination -- 1.2 Objective Methods -- 1.3 Technical Survey -- 1.3.1 Suturing -- 1.3.2 Anastomoses -- 1.4 Vascular Substitutes -- 1.4.1 Biological Vascular Substitutes -- 1.4.2 Artificial Vascular Substitutes - Vascular Prostheses -- 1.5 Basic Rules of Vascular Surgery -- 1.6 Complications -- 1.6.1 Early Complications -- 1.6.2 Nonvascular Complications -- 1.6.3 Late Complications -- 2 The Occlussive Arterial Diseases -- 2.1 Branches of Arcus Aortae -- 2.1.1 The Arteries Supplying the Brain -- 2.1.2 Ischemic Disease of the Brain -- 2.2 Abdominal Aorta -- 2.2.1 Embolism -- 2.2.2 Coarctation of the Abdominal Aorta -- 2.2.3 Hypoplasia of the Abdominal Aorta -- 2.2.4 Arteriosclerosis of the Aortoiliac Segment -- 2.3 Iliac Arteries -- 2.4 Infrainguinal Arteries -- 2.4.1 Reconstruction of the Common and Deep Femoral Artery -- 2.4.2 Infrainguinal Bypass -- 2.4.3 Femoropopliteal Proximal Bypass -- 2.4.4 Femoropopliteal Distal Bypass -- 2.4.5 Femorocrural Bypass.

2.4.6 Critical Limb Ischemia.