Preface -- Contents -- 1 A new approach to lexicography -- 2 A history of learner lexicography -- 2.1 English lexicography up to the 20th century -- 2.1.1 The beginnings: glosses and hard words -- 2.1.2 Johnson, Murray and Webster -- 2.2 Genesis of learner's dictionaries -- 2.2.1 Influential figures for EFL-lexicography -- 2.2.2 Linguistic research -- 2.3 Generations of learner's dictionaries -- 2.3.1 Survey of publications and editions -- 2.3.2 Different features and approaches -- 3 Principles of learner lexicography -- 3.1 The form of the dictionary -- 3.1.1 The genre of monolingual learner's dictionaries -- 3.1.2 Macrostructure and microstructure -- 3.1.3 Multiple forms and meanings -- 3.2 Defining practice -- 3.2.1 Defining formats -- 3.2.2 Defining principles and defining vocabularies -- 3.3 Further means of meaning explanation -- 3.3.1 Example sentences -- 3.3.2 Illustrations and other features -- 3.4 On lexicography as a science -- 4 Cognitive linguistics and lexicography -- 4.1 Combining two disciplines -- 4.1.1 The relationship of the disciplines -- 4.1.2 Cognitive linguistics as a new input -- 4.2 Categorisation in dictionaries -- 4.2.1 Human categorisation -- 4.2.1.1 The horizontal level -- 4.2.1.2 The vertical level -- 4.2.2 Categorisation in definitions and illustrations -- 4.2.2.1 Lexicography on categorisation -- 4.2.2.2 Birds in the dictionary -- 4.3 Cognitive Lexicography -- 5 Person-denoting nouns -- 5.1 Frame semantics -- 5.1.1 Frames and scripts in cognitive linguistics -- 5.1.2 Frame semantics applied to lexicography -- 5.1.2.1 Risk, FrameNet and other approaches -- 5.1.2.2 Frame-based dictionaries and example sentences -- 5.2 Cognitive frame example sections -- 5.2.1 Person-denoting nouns and their frames -- 5.2.2 Cognitive frame-example structure -- 5.2.3 Frame example sections.

5.2.4 A cognitive macrostructure -- 5.3 Analysis of dictionary examples -- 5.3.1 "The Big Five" -- 5.3.2 OALD1-OALD8 -- 5.4 User-studies of cognitive frame examples -- 5.4.1 Dictionaries and vocabulary learning -- 5.4.2 Testing productive use: gap-fill task -- 5.4.2.1 Methodology -- 5.4.2.2 Design of materials -- 5.4.2.3 Results and discussion -- 5.4.3 A further step: vocabulary task -- 5.4.3.1 Methodology -- 5.4.3.2 Design of materials -- 5.4.3.3 Results and discussion -- 5.4.4 General discussion of results -- 6 Abstract nouns: emotion terms -- 6.1 Cognitive approaches to emotion terms -- 6.1.1 Conceptual Metaphor and Metonymy Theory -- 6.1.2 Metaphor and metonymy and emotion terms -- 6.1.3 Further research on emotion terms -- 6.1.3.1 Research in psychology -- 6.1.3.2 Semantic primitives -- 6.2 Cognitive definitions of emotion terms -- 6.2.1 The set of emotion terms -- 6.2.2 Cognitive defining format -- 6.2.3 Definitions of basic emotion terms -- 6.2.4 Definitions of complex emotion terms -- 6.3 Analysis of dictionary definitions -- 6.3.1 Basic emotion terms -- 6.3.1.1 "The Big Five" -- 6.3.1.2 OALD1-OALD8 -- 6.3.2 Complex emotion terms -- 6.3.2.1 "The Big Five" -- 6.3.2.2 OALD1-OALD8 -- 6.4 User-studies of cognitive definitions -- 6.4.1 Study of basic emotions: emotion-naming task -- 6.4.1.1 Methodology -- 6.4.1.2 Design of materials -- 6.4.1.3 Results and discussion -- 6.4.2 Study of complex emotions: emotion-naming task -- 6.4.2.1 Methodology -- 6.4.2.2 Design of materials -- 6.4.2.3 Results and discussion -- 6.4.3 General discussion of results -- 7 Particles -- 7.1 Cognitive approaches to particles -- 7.1.1 The word class 'particles' -- 7.1.2 Particles and cognitive polysemy -- 7.1.3 The Principled Polysemy Approach -- 7.1.3.1 The idea of Principled Polysemy.

7.1.3.2 The senses of the vertical cluster -- 7.2 Cognitive microstructures for particles -- 7.2.1 Particle entries: set-up -- 7.2.2 Particle entries: the vertical cluster -- 7.2.2.1 above and below -- 7.2.2.2 over and under -- 7.3 Analysis of dictionary entries -- 7.3.1 "The Big Five" -- 7.3.2 OALD1-OALD8 -- 7.4 Particle entries in use -- 8 Synopsis: cognitive lexicography -- 9 Lexicography in the future -- References -- 10 Appendix -- 10.1 Dictionary analyses -- 10.1.1 Concrete nouns: birds -- 10.1.2 Person-denoting nouns -- 10.1.3 Emotion terms -- 10.1.4 Particles -- 10.2 Cognitive dictionary materials -- 10.2.1 Cognitive example section: person-denoting nouns -- 10.2.1.1 Overview of frame example sections -- 10.2.1.2 Annotated frame example sections -- 10.2.2 Cognitive defining structure: basic emotion terms -- 10.2.2.1 Overview of definitions of basic emotion terms -- 10.2.2.2 Annotated definitions of basic emotion terms -- 10.2.3 Cognitive defining structure: complex emotion terms -- 10.2.3.1 Overview of definitions of complex emotion terms -- 10.2.3.2 Annotated definitions of complex emotion terms -- 10.2.4 Cognitive entry structure: particles -- 10.2.4.1 Particle entries: overview -- 10.2.4.2 Particle entries: annotations I: above -- 10.2.4.3 Particle entries: annotations II: below -- 10.2.4.4 Particle entries: annotations III: over -- 10.2.4.5 Particle entries: annotations IV: under -- 10.3 Materials from user-studies -- 10.3.1 Production tasks: person-denoting nouns -- 10.3.1.1 Gap-fill task: test items -- 10.3.1.2 Gap-fill task: testing material -- 10.3.1.3 Gap-fill task: results -- 10.3.1.4 Vocabulary task: test items -- 10.3.1.5 Vocabulary task: testing material -- 10.3.1.6 Vocabulary task: results -- 10.3.2 Naming tasks: emotion terms -- 10.3.2.1 Basic emotion terms: test items.

10.3.2.2 Basic emotion terms: testing material -- 10.3.2.3 Basic emotion terms: results -- 10.3.2.4 Complex emotion terms: test items -- 10.3.2.5 Complex emotion terms: testing material -- 10.3.2.6 Complex emotion terms: results -- Supplement: new cognitive dictionary.