Contents -- Illustrations -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1 What Causes War Atrocities: A Historical Analysis -- 2 The Battle of Shanghai and the Prelude to Nanking -- 3 Nanking: Analysis of Military Actions and Number of Victims -- 4 Nanking: Analysis of Individually Committed Crimes and Nature of Atrocities -- 5 Aftermath and Reaction until 1945 -- 6 War Crimes Trials -- 7 Sounds of Controversy -- Conclusion -- Appendix A: Japanese and Chinese Forces in Nanking -- Appendix B: Burial Statistics of Red Swastika Society in Nanking -- Appendix C: Burial Records of Ch'ung- shan- t'ang -- Appendix D: Civilian Losses Based on Smythe's Data -- Bibliography -- Index.