Cover -- Preface -- Contents -- Part A: Cell Biology -- Chapter-1. Cells as a Basic Unit of Living System: Discovery and the Cell Theory -- Eukaryotes -- Discovery -- Points To Remember -- The Cell Theory -- Parameters of Life -- Summary -- Exercise -- Chapter-2. Surface Architecture -- Plasma Membrane -- Composition of Plasma Membrane -- Membrane Proteins -- Peripheral Proteins -- Integral Proteins -- Other Proteins -- Functions of The Plasma Membrane -- Cell Permeability -- Facilitated Transport (Diffusion) -- Carrier Proteins -- Channel Proteins -- Ion Channels -- Ligand Gated Channels -- Voltage Gated Channel -- Groups Translocation: -- Active Transport -- Ion Gradient Active Transport -- Transporters -- Other Functions of Plasma Membrane -- Specialised Structures of The Cell Membrane -- Summary -- Exercise: -- Chapter-3. Cellular Organelles -- Cytosol -- Golgi Bodies -- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) -- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Agranular) (SER ) -- Granular or Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) -- Common Functions of Both S.E.R. and R.E.R. -- Ribosomes -- Initiation Factors -- Mitochondria: -- Lysosomes: -- Kinds of Lysosomes -- Lysosomes and Diseases -- Nuclear Matrix -- Chemistry of Chromatin -- Peroxisomes -- Chloroplast -- The Cyclic Electron Flow -- ATP Synthesis -- The Chloroplast Genome -- Import and Sorting of Chloroplast Proteins -- Other Plastids -- Summary -- Exercise: -- Chapter-4. Chromosomes -- Morphology and Structural Organisation: -- Sex Chromosome: -- Single stranded and multistranded hypotheses: -- Exercise: -- Chapter-5. Cell Division, Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis -- The Cell Cycle -- Eukaryotic Cell Cycle -- Phases of Cell Cycle -- The 'M' Phase -- Regulation of Cell Cycle -- Check Points of Cell Cycle -- Cell Division -- Mitosis -- The Interphase -- Prophase -- Prometaphase -- Metaphase -- Anaphase -- The Telophase.

Cytokinesis -- Meiosis -- Meiosis I -- Leptotene -- Zygotene -- Pachytene -- Diplotene -- Diakinesis -- Metaphase I -- Anaphase I -- Telophase I -- Melosis II -- Summary -- Exercise: -- Chapter-6. Cell Motility -- Amoeboid Locomotion -- Flagellar and Ciliary Locomotion -- Muscle Movement -- Structure and function of smooth muscles cell -- Structure and function of cardiac muscle cell -- Nerve cell Structure and functions -- Summary -- Exercise: -- Chapter-7. Cell Senescence and Programmed Cell Death -- Theories of Senescence -- Free Radical Theory of Ageing -- Senescence and Immunological Surveillance -- Somatic Mutation Hypothesis -- Thymus Function -- Immune Surveillance -- Senescence of Connective Tissue -- Senescence of Elastin Tissue -- Ageing and Termination of Synthesis Programme -- "Apoptosis" -- Summary -- Exercise: -- Part B: Genetics -- Chapter-8. Structure of DNA and RNA -- Nucleic Acids -- Structure of Nucleic Acids -- Nucleic Acid Content and Base composition -- Different Conformational Forms of DNA -- Denaturation -- Renaturation of DNA: -- Buoyant Density of DNA: -- Isolation and Separation of DNA: -- Chemical Reactions -- Eukaryote DNA -- DNA content and chromosome number: -- Unique DNA -- Satellite DNA -- Interspersed Repetitive DNA -- Chromatin Structure -- Histone -- Nonhistone Proteins -- Nucleosome -- Higher Levels of Chromatin Structure -- Extra Nuclear DNA -- Chloroplasto DNA -- Bacterial DNA -- Plasmids -- Replication of DNA -- Continuous Synthesis -- The Process -- Source of precursors -- DNA Polymerases -- Replication of Circular DNA Molecule -- Transcription -- Site selection -- mRNA -- Processing tRNA -- Processing rRNA -- Attachment of an amino acid to a tRNA -- Aminoacyl synthetases -- Exercise: -- Chapter-9. Mendelism -- Historical Perspective -- Terminology in Genetics -- Mendel's Works.

Demonstration of Genetic Segregation -- The Dihybrid Cross -- Trihybrid and Multihybrid Crosses -- Incomplete Dominance: -- Exercise: -- Chapter-10. Interaction of Genes -- Interaction of Genes: -- Gene Interaction: -- Epistatic Gene Interaction or Epistasis: -- Duplicate Recessive Interaction: Complementary Genes: -- Dominant and Recessive Interaction: Epistasis -- Non Epistatic Gene Interaction: Supplementary Factors -- Multiple Alleles: -- Characters of Multiple Alleles: -- Example: Multiple Alleles in Bloods Groups of Man: -- Multiple Factors: Skin Colour in Human Beings: -- Exercise: -- Chapter-11. Sex Determination in Plants and Animals -- Chromosomal basis of Sex Determination: -- Heterogametic males: -- Heterogametic Females: -- Genic Balance Theory of Sex Determination in Drosophila: -- Environmental factors and Sex determination: -- Sex determination in plants: -- Sex Chromatin Bodies and Dosage Compensation: -- Sex-Linked Inheritance: -- Sex-Limited Traits: -- Sex Influenced Traits: -- Exercise: -- Chapter-12. Linkage and Crossing Over -- Linkage -- Phases of Linkage -- (a) Coupling phase -- (b) Repulsion phase -- Types of Linkage -- Complete Linkage -- Incomplete or Partial Linkage -- Example -- Crossing Over -- Essential features of crossing over -- Kinds of crossing over -- Mechanism of crossing over -- Cytological Basis of Crossing over -- 1. Stern's Experiment in Drosophila -- 2. Creighton and Mc Clintock's Experiment in Maize -- Factors controlling frequency of crossing over -- Linkage Analysis and Gene Mapping by two and three point crosses -- Two Factor cross -- Three factor Crosses -- Interference: -- Exercise: -- Chapter-13. Chromosomal Variations -- (1) Intrachromosomal Variation: -- Fate of deleted fragment: -- Numerical aberrations: -- Exercise: -- Chapter-14. Cytoplasmic Inheritance -- Plastid Inheritance in Mirabilis:.

Petite Characters in Yeast: -- Kappa Particles in Paramecium -- Exercise: -- Chapter-15. Mutations -- Historical Background -- Classification of Mutations -- Mutagenesis -- Induced Mutations -- Two major effects of Pyrimidine dimers -- Indirect Mutagenic effect of UV rays -- Ionizing radiations -- Molecular Basis of Gene Mutation -- Base Addition and Deletion -- Transition -- 2. Hydroxylamine: (HA =NH2OH) -- Transversions -- Depurination -- Frame Shift Mutations -- Mechanism -- Biological Significance of point Mutations -- Mutations in Plants, Animals, and Microbes for Economic Benefit of Man -- Exercise: -- Chapter-16. Human Genetics -- Inherited disorders: -- Klinefelter Syndrome: -- Turner's syndrome: -- Cridu chat syndrome: -- Exercise.