BIOMASS CROPS: PRODUCTION, ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT -- BIOMASS CROPS: PRODUCTION, ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- CONVERSION OF WOOD INTO LIQUID FUELS: A REVIEW OF THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BEHIND THE FAST PYROLYSIS OF BIOMASS -- 1. INTRODUCTION TO BIOMASS ENERGY -- 1.1. The Current Energy System -- 1.2. Conventional Thermochemical Technologies: Biomass Combustion -- 1.3. Advanced Thermochemical Technologies: Gasification and Pyrolysis -- 2. SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF BIOMASS PYROLYSIS -- 2.1. Biomass as an Energy Feedstock -- 2.1.1. Introduction to Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 2.1.2. Polymeric components of lignocellulosic biomass -- 2.1.3. Other Components in Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 2.1.3.2. Extractives -- 2.1.3.2. Inorganic elements -- 2.1.3.3. Water -- 2.1. The Chemistry of Biomass Pyrolysis -- 2.1.4. Thermal Degradation of Biomass Components -- Thermal degradation of cellulose -- Thermal degradation of hemicellulose -- Thermal degradation of lignin -- 2.2.2. Chemical Reactions in the Fast Pyrolysis Process -- 2.3. Introduction to Fast Pyrolysis Processes -- 2.3.1. Fast Pyrolysis Plant Layout -- 3. TECHNOLOGY PRINCIPLES OF BIOMASS FAST PYROLYSIS -- 3.1. The Fast Pyrolysis Reactor -- 3.1.1. Fundamentals in the Design of the Pyrolysis Reactor -- Fast Pyrolysis Kinetics -- Heat Requirements -- 3.2. Reactor Designs for Biomass Fast Pyrolysis -- 3.2.1. Conventional Fluidized Beds -- Bubbling Fluid Beds (BFB) -- Circulating Fluid Beds (CFB) -- 3.2.2. Non Conventional Fluidized Beds -- Spouted Beds -- Spout Fluid Beds -- 3.2.3. Non Fluidized Reactors -- Rotating Cone Reactor -- Twin Screw Reactor and the Auger Reactor -- Ablative Reactors -- Vacuum Pyrolysis Reactor -- 3.3. Fast Pyrolysis Plant: Ikerlan Ik4 Pilot Plant -- 3.3.1. Ikerlan-IK4 Pilot Plant -- 3.3.2. Biomass Pretreatment -- 3.3.3. Feeding System.

3.3.4. Recycle Gas Pre-Heater -- 3.3.5. Char Recovery System -- 3.3.6. Liquid Recovery System -- 4. PYROLYSIS BIO-OILS AND OTHER PYROLYSIS PRODUCTS -- 4.1. Pyrolysis Products -- 4.1.1. Product Yields and Overall Characteristics -- Pyrolysis Gases -- Pyrolysis Chars -- Pyrolysis Oils -- 4.1.2. Characteristics of Pyrolysis Oil -- 4.1.2.1. Water Content and Oil Miscibility -- 4.1.2.2. Elemental Composition -- 4.1.2.3. Mass and Energy Density -- 4.1.2.4. Viscosity -- 4.1.2.5. Solids and Ashes -- 4.1.2.6. Chemical Stability -- 4.1.2.7. Corrosion and Acidity -- 4.1.2.8. Flash Point and Ignition Characteristics -- 4.1.2.9. Chemical Composition -- 4.2.2.10. Health And Safety and Environmental Issues with Pyrolysis Bio-Oils -- 4.2. Potential Applications of Pyrolysis Oils -- 4.2.1. Pyrolysis Oils for Energy Applications -- 4.2.1.1. Flame Combustion of Pyrolysis Oils for Heat Generation -- 4.2.1.2. Pyrolysis Oil for Power Generation -- Co-firing -- Stationary Diesel Engines -- Turbines -- 4.2.2. Gasification/Steam Reforming for Syngas Generation -- 4.2.3. Chemical Feedstock -- 4.2.4. Other Applications -- 5. PROCESSING AND UPGRADING OF PYROLYSIS OILS -- 5.1. Mixtures of Pyrolysis Bio-Oils with Conventional Fuels -- 5.1.1. Formation of Bio-Oil Emulsions with Diesel -- 5.1.2. Blending with Alcohols -- 5.2. Chemical Upgrading -- 5.2.1. Catalytic Cracking -- 5.2.2. Catalytic Hydrotreating -- 5.2.3. Co-Processing in Conventional Refineries -- 5.2.4. Biorefineries and Biomass Pyrolysis Oils -- 6. COMMERCIAL FAST PYROLYSIS OF BIOMASS -- 6.1. Historical Evolution of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis -- 6.2. Commercial Key Players in Biomass Fast Pyrolysis -- 6.2.1. Envergent Technologies -- 6.2.2. BTG -- 6.2.3. Dynamotive -- 6.2.4. Bio-Oil Holding NV -- 6.2.5. Metso-UPM-VTT-FORTUM -- 6.2.6. PYTEC -- 6.2.7. RTI -- 6.2.8. CHOREN -- 6.3. Economic Aspects of Biomass Pyrolysis.

6.4. Analysis of Current Status and Perspectives -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- BIOMASS CROPS FOR FERMENTATIVE BIOFUEL PRODUCTION -- ABSTRACT -- 1. SUSTAINABLE BIOMASS PRODUCTION -- Introduction -- Potential Biomass Production -- The Holistic Approach -- Discussion -- 2. PRETREATMENT OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS FOR BIOFUEL PRODUCTION -- 3. SUGAR BEET TO BIOETHANOL -- 4. SWEET SORGHUM TO BIOHYDROGEN -- REVIEWED BY -- REFERENCES -- ALFALFA BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND QUALITY DURING CUTTING REGROWTH CYCLE UNDER ELEVATED CO2 -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- ALFALFA BIOMASS PRODUCTION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE CONDITIONS -- ALFALFA LEAF BIOCHEMISTRY UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE CONDITIONS -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- DAMAGE-INDUCED VARIATIONS IN ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION AND VOLATILE EMISSION IN AROMATIC PLANTS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- METHODS AND MATERIALS -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- GASIFICATION OF BIOMASS IN AQUEOUS MEDIA -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. GASIFICATION OF BIOMASS BY AQUEOUS-PHASE REFORMING -- 2.1. Types of Biomass Feedstocks used in APR -- 2.2. Catalysts in APR -- 2.3. Decomposition of Polyalcohols and Sugars via Aqueous Phase Reforming -- 2.3.1. Glycerol -- 2.3.2. Ethylene Glycol -- 2.4. Hydrogen Production from Glucose, Sorbitol and Lignocellulosic Biomass via APR -- 2.4.1. Glucose and Sorbitol -- 2.4.2. Lignocellulosic Biomass -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- BIOFUEL PRODUCTION POTENTIAL, PROCESSING AND UTILIZATION -- ABSTRACT -- BIOFUEL AS RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES -- CLASSIFICATION OF BIOFUELS -- Biodiesel -- Bioethanol -- LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS CONVERSION TO ETHANOL -- CROP RESIDUE PRODUCTION AND THEIR AVAILABILITY FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTION IN INDIA -- TECHNOLOGIES FOR BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION -- ETHANOL PRODUCTIVITY PER UNIT MASS -- NEEDS FOR FOOD VERSUS FUEL POLICY.

CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- PLANTING SOYBEAN IN CD-, CU-, OR ZN-CONTAMINATED SOILS TO ASSESS ITS FEASIBILITY IN FURTHER PRODUCING BIODIESEL -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 Heavy Metal Contamination in Formerly Taiwan (Chen, 1991) -- 1.2 Survey of HMs-Contamination Farmlands in Taiwan -- 1.3 Remediation of HMs-Contaminated Soils in Taiwan -- 2. ACCUMULATION OF HM BY SOYBEAN GROWN IN HM-CONTAMINATED SOILS -- 2.1 Pot ExperimentⅠ -- 2.2. Accumulation of HM by Soybean -- 2.3. Bioconcentration Factor of HM of Soybean -- 3. EFFECT OF APPLICATION OF AMENDMENTS ON THE ACCUMULATION OF HM BY SOYBEAN -- 3.1. Pot Experiment -- 3.2. Effect of BS on the Accumulation of Cd -- 3.3. Bioconcentration Factor of Cd of Soybean -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- DISSEMINATION OF INTEGRATED SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES USING PARTICIPATORY APPROACHES IN THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS OF KENYA -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- Background -- Conceptual Model -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- Description of the Study Area -- Approaches -- Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) -- Mother-Baby Approach -- Village Training Workshops -- Farmer Groups -- Stakeholders' Annual Planning Workshops -- Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PM&E) -- RESULTS -- Participatory Rural Appraisal (Pra) -- Mother-Baby Trials -- Village Training Workshops -- Farmer Groups -- Annual Stakeholders' Planning Workshops -- Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PM&E) -- Project Milestones -- DISCUSSIONS -- Lessons Learnt -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.