ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY OF ANIMAL MANURE -- ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY OF ANIMAL MANURE -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- ABOUT THE EDITOR -- PART I. ORGANIC MATTER CHARACTERIZATION -- APPLICATION OF ANALYTICAL PYROLYSIS-MASS SPECTROMETRY IN CHARACTERIZATION OF ANIMAL MANURES -- 1.1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.2. THE PRINCIPLE OF ANALYTICAL PYROLYSIS -- 1.3. APPLICATION OF ANALYTICAL PYROLYSIS IN CHARACTERIZING NATURAL ORGANIC MATTER -- 1.4. ANIMAL MANURE CHEMISTRY BY ANALYTICAL PYROLYSIS -- 1.5. CASE STUDY I: COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN SELECTED ANIMAL MANURES FROM CONVENTIONAL AND ORGANIC DAIRY FARMS BY PY-GC/MS -- 1.6. CASE STUDY II: IMPACT OF TETRAMETHYLAMMONIUM HYDROXIDE PRETREATMENT ON PYROLYSIS-GC/MS CHARACTERIZATION OF CHICKEN LITTER -- 1.7. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- STRUCTURAL AND BONDING ENVIRONMENTS OF MANURE ORGANIC MATTER DERIVED FROM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES -- 2.1. INTRODUCTION -- 2.2. SPECTRAL FEATURES OF ORGANIC MATTER IN ANIMAL MANURE -- 2.2.1. General Spectral Features -- 2.2.2. Spectra Type -- 2.2.3. Unique Characteristics of Animal Manure -- 2.3. SPECTRAL FEATURES OF WATER EXTRACTABLE ORGANIC MATTER (WEOM) IN ANIMAL MANURE -- 2.4. SPECTRAL FEATURES OF HUMIC FRACTIONS IN ANIMAL MANURE AND COMPOST -- 2.5. FTIR ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC MATTER TRANSFORMATION DURING COMPOSTING -- 2.6. FTIR ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC MATTER TRANSFORMATION DURING DECOMPOSITION -- 2.7. INFRARED PHOTOACOUSTIC STUDY OF ANIMAL MANURE -- 2.8. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- CARBON FUNCTIONAL GROUPS OF MANURE ORGANIC MATTER FRACTIONS IDENTIFIED BY SOLID STATE 13C NMR SPECTROSCOPY -- 3.1. INTRODUCTION -- 3.2. SOLID STATE C-13 NMR TECHNIQUES AND STRUCTURAL INFORMATION OF ORGANIC MATTER -- 3.3. DISTRIBUTION OF CARBON FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN ANIMAL MANURE -- 3.3.1. General Features -- 3.3.2. Comparison of Chemical Structures of Transgenic and Conventional Pig Manures.

3.3.3. Changes of the Distribution of Carbon Functional Groups in Stabilized Manure Products -- 3.4. 13C NMR CHARACTERIZATION OF WATER SOLUBLE ORGANIC MATTER OF ANIMAL MANURE -- 3.4.1. General Features -- 3.4.2. Comparison of Spectral Features with Plant-derived WEOM -- 3.5. SOLID AND COLLOIDAL FRACTIONS OF ORGANIC MATTER OF MANURE SLURRY -- 3.5.1. Solid Fractions -- 3.5.2. Colloidal Fractions -- 3.6. CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMIC SUBSTANCES DERIVED FROM ANIMAL MANURE -- 3.7. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- ULTRAVIOLET-VISIBLE ABSORPTIVE FEATURES OF WATER EXTRACTABLE AND HUMIC FRACTIONS OF ANIMAL MANURE AND RELEVANT COMPOST -- 4.1. INTRODUCTION -- 4.2. UV/VISIBLE SPECTRA OF MANURE FRACTIONS -- 4.3. SPECIFIC ULTRAVIOLET ABSORBANCE WAVELENGTHS ASSOCIATED WITH PROPERTIES OF MANURE ORGANIC MATTER -- 4.3.1. E2/E3 Ratio -- 4.3.2. SUVA -- 4.3.3. Absorptivity at 280 nm -- 4.4. VISIBLE E4/E6 RATIOS OF MANURE ORGANIC MATTER FRACTIONS -- 4.4.1. Definition of E4/E6 -- 4.4.2. Measuring Conditions of E4/E6 -- 4.4.3. Absorbance at 465 and 665 nm of Water Extracts of Manure and Compost -- 4.4.4. E4/E6 Ratio of Manure and Compost Fractions -- 4.5. SPECTRAL MODELING -- 4.5.1. Spectral Slope -- 4.5.2. Spectral Deconvolution -- 4.6 CASE STUDIES -- 4.6.1. Background -- 4.6.2. Case I. SUVA at 254, 280 nm, Spectral Ratios of E2/E3 and E4/E6, and Spectral Slopes (300 - 375 nm) of Dairy Manure from Organic and Conventional Feed Sources -- 4.6.3. Case Study II. SUVA at 254, 280 nm, Spectral Ratios of E2/E3, E4/E6, and Spectral Slopes (300 - 375 nm) of Poultry Litter-Amended Soil with Different Application Histories -- 4.7. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC MATTER FRACTIONS: THE CURRENT STATUS AND A TUTORIAL CASE STUDY -- ABBREVIATIONS -- 5.1. INTRODUCTION -- 5.2. FLUORESCENCE FEATURES OF HUMIC FRACTIONS OF ANIMAL MANURE.

5.3. FLUORESCENCE FEATURES OF WATER EXTRACTABLE ORGANIC MATTER OF ANIMAL MANURE -- 5.4. PARAFAC OF FLUORESCENCE EEM SPECTRA -- 5.5. CASE STUDY: MANURE AND MANURE-AMENDED SOIL ANALYSIS -- 5.5.1. Step 1: Aqueous Extracts -- 5.5.2. Step 2: Inner-Filtration Effects -- 5.5.3. Step 3: Obtaining the EEM Scan -- 5.5.4. Step 4: PARAFAC Modeling -- 5.5.5. Step 5: Determining Proper Component Number -- 5.5.6. Step 6. Details of the Selected PARAFAC Model -- 5.6. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- PART II. NITROGEN AND VOLATILE COMPOUNDS -- AMMONIA EMISSION FROM ANIMAL MANURE: MECHANISMS AND MITIGATION TECHNIQUES -- 6.1. INTRODUCTION -- 6.2. MECHANISMS OF AMMONIA EMISSIONS -- 6.2.1. Processes Responsible for Ammonia in Manure -- 6.2.2. Ammonia Release Mechanisms -- 6.3. AMMONIA EMISSION MITIGATION TECHNIQUES -- 6.3.1. Reduction of N in Manure -- 6.3.2. Minimizing Volatile N-Species -- 6.3.2.1. Urine-feces Segregation -- 6.3.2.2. Urease Inhibitors -- 6.3.2.3. Lowering Manure pH -- 6.3.2.4. Ammonium Binding Agents -- 6.3.2.5. Biological Treatments -- 6.3.3. Building and Manure Managements -- 6.3.4. Emissions Capture and Treatment -- 6.3.4.1. Filters and Biofilters -- 6.3.4.2. Impermeable and Permeable Covers -- 6.3.4.3. Land Application -- 6.4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- ORIGINS AND IDENTITIES OF KEY MANURE ODOR COMPONENTS -- 7.1. MANURE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES -- 7.2. ODOR SOURCES IN ANIMAL AGRICULTURE -- 7.3. ODOR-DESCRIPTION, QUANTIFICATION, ANALYSIS -- 7.4. ODOR CHEMISTRY -- 7.4.1. Volatile Fatty Acids -- 7.4.2. Alcohols -- 7.4.3. Aromatic Compounds -- 7.4.4. Sulfides -- 7.4.5. Amines/ammonia -- 7.4.6. Other -- 7.5. BIOCHEMICAL ORIGINS OF ODOR COMPOUNDS -- 7.6. MITIGATING MANURE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES -- 7.6.1. Diet Manipulation -- 7.6.2. Microbial Metabolic Inhibitors -- 7.7. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES.

MANURE AMINO ACID COMPOUNDS AND THEIR BIOAVAILABILITY -- 8.1. INTRODUCTION -- 8.2. PROTEINACEOUS AMINO ACIDS AND THEIR MEASUREMENTS -- 8.3. AMINO ACID DISTRIBUTION IN ANIMAL MANURE -- 8.4. SELECTIVE AMINO COMPOUNDS IN ANIMAL MANURE -- 8.5. AMINO ACIDS IN SOILS WITH LONG-TERM MANURE APPLICATION -- 8.6. SHORT-TERM IMPACTS OF MANURE APPLICATION ON SOIL AMINO ACIDS -- 8.7. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- DETERMINANTS AND PROCESSES OF MANURE NITROGEN AVAILABILITY -- 9.1. INTRODUCTION -- 9.2. NITROGEN CONTENT OF ANIMAL MANURE -- 9.2.1. Dairy Manure -- 9.3. TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES OF MANURE NITROGEN -- 9.3.1. Mineralization and Immobilization -- 9.3.1.1. The Effect of C:N Ratio -- 9.3.1.2. Predicting Potential N Mineralization -- 9.3.2. Nitrification and Denitrification -- 9.3.3. Ammonia Volatilization -- 9.4. MEASURING MANURE NITROGEN AVAILABILITY -- 9.4.1. Laboratory Determinations -- 9.4.2. Effects of Soil Properties and Environmental Variables on N Availability -- 9.4.3. Case Study -- 9.5. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- PART III. PHOSPHORUS FORMS AND LABILITY -- SOLUBILITY OF MANURE PHOSPHORUS CHARACTERIZED BY SELECTIVE AND SEQUENTIAL EXTRACTIONS -- 10.1. INTRODUCTION -- 10.2. WATER-EXTRACTABLE PHOSPHORUS -- 10.2.1. Methodology -- 10.2.2. Variability in WEP Across Manure Types -- 10.2.3. Effects of Manure Handling, Composting and Addition of P-binding Chemicals -- 10.2.4. Dietary Manipulation Effects -- 10.3. SINGLE EXTRACTIONS IN DILUTE ACID AND OTHER SOLUTIONS -- 10.4. P FRACTIONATION BY SEQUENTIAL EXTRACTIONS -- 10.4.1. Adaptations of the Hedley Sequential Procedure in Manure P Research -- 10.4.2. Variations in P Fractions among Manure Types -- 10.4.3. Effects of Manure Processing and Composting and Amendment with P-binding Chemicals -- 10.4.4. Dietary Manipulation Effects -- 10.5. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES.

ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS -- 11.1. INTRODUCTION -- 11.2. PHOSPHORUS FORMS AND PHOSPHATASES IN NATURE -- 11.2.1. Forms of Po in Nature -- 11.2.2. Phosphate-releasing Enzymes -- 11.3. SOLUBLE INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS DETERMINATION -- 11.4. IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS FORMS BY ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS -- 11.4.1. Method Development -- 11.4.2. Organic P in Dairy Manure, Poultry Litter and Biosolids -- 11.5. BIOAVAILABILITY OF ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS CHARACTERIZED BY ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS -- 11.5.1. Effects of Storage on Bioavailability of Manure P -- 11.5.2. Fe(III)-associated Labile P -- 11.6. LIGAND- AND PHYTASE-LABILE ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS IN MANURE -- 11.6.1. Effects of Metal ions on Hydrolysis of IP6 by Fungal Phytase -- 11.6.2. Fractionation of Manure Bioactive P Pools -- 11.7. BIOAVAILABILITY OF MANURE P IN SOILS EVALUATED BY ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS -- 11.7.1. Aerobic Incubation -- 11.7.2. Pot Experiments -- 11.8. LONG TERM IMPACTS OF REPEATED MANURE APPLICATION ON SOIL P STATUS -- 11.8.1. On soils Amended with Poultry Litter -- 11.8.2. On Soils Amended with Dairy Manure -- 11.9. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- CHARACTERIZING PHOSPHORUS IN ANIMAL WASTE WITH SOLUTION 31P NMR SPECTROSCOPY -- 12.1. INTRODUCTION -- 12.2. 31P-NMR: PRINCIPLES, P FORMS, METHODOLOGY -- 12.2.1. General Principles of NMR Spectroscopy -- 12.2.2. Phosphorus Forms -- 12.2.3. Methodological Considerations for 31P-NMR Experiments -- 12.2.3.1. Sample Preparation -- 12.2.3.2. Extractants and Extraction Length -- 12.2.3.3. Preparation of Samples for NMR Experiments -- 12.2.3.4. 31P-NMR Experimental Parameters -- 12.2.3.5. Sample Processing and Peak Identification -- 12.3. Phosphorus Forms in Animal Feces and Manure Characterized with 31P-NMR -- 12.3.1. Studies Investigating Poultry -- 12.3.2. Studies Investigating Beef and Dairy Cattle.

12.3.3. Studies Investigating Swine.